Sozialpsychologie (Subject) / Aus den Folien (Lesson)

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• What is Social Psychology?   “... the scientific study of the effects of the presence of others on the way individuals think, feel, and behave.” 
• Motivational Principles of Social Psychology    Strive for Mastery (epistemic motive)  Connectedness (belongingness)  Value Me and Mine (self-esteem) 
• Processing Principles of Social Psychology    Conservatism Accessibility Superficiality & Depth 
• Levels of Observation in Social Psychology    Within the Individual  Between Individuals (Interpersonal)  Within Groups (Intragroup)  Between Groups (Intergroup)  Crowds & Masses 
• Application Exemplars   §  Work & Organizational Psychology (groups & teams, coaching) §  School performance (gender stereotypes, self-fulfilling prophecies) §  Environmental issues (attitude change & consumer behavior) §  Health psychology (coping and attitudes in clinical settings) §  Marriage Counseling (interpersonal attraction, norms) §  Resolving ethnic violence (in- & intergroup conflict) §  Media (aggression in movies or video games, [resisting] media influence) §  Consumer behavior (from door to door to big marketing campaigns) §  Legal system (courtroom decisions, stereotypes) §  Politics (if they would only listen to us – if we would only tell them...) 
• personal Benefits   § Self-understanding § Social relationships § Intergroup relations § Group performance § Decision making § Life satisfaction 
• Superficial Processing   •  minimal effort •  Quick •  Based on single/few attributes •  (with high accessibility) •  Stable judgments (conservatism) 
• Systematic Processing   • Motivation & effort • Slow (needs resources) • algebraic or configural integration of attributes • (similarly dependent on accessibility) • Stable judgments (conservatism) 
• Accuracy of first impressions   Thin slice impressions are often accurate and predictive of behavior (above chance - not beyond doubt)   Forming first impressions based on thin slices of information: §  may have evolutionary value §  may avoid distractions that lower accuracy §  may cause confirming behaviors (self-fulfilling prophecies)   
• Correspondence Inference (Bias)   We tend to attribute another person’s behavior to the irown dispositional qualities rather than to situational factors. When would that be justified? § Behavior is freely chosen § Behavior is distinguished by few effects § Behavior is unexpected / untypical 
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• Discounting Principle:   ignore one potentially cause when another strong causal factor is present 
• Augmenting Principle:   increase potentially causal influence if known other factor strongly works against it 
• The looking glass self   Other peoples reactions to ourselves serve as mirror in which we recognize (construe) ourselves   -  Observer reactions -  Imagination of their perceptions & judgment s -  Internalization of reflected appraisal into self-concept   
• Symbolic self completion theory   Achievement compensation via: -  verbal statements -  titles & labels -  demonstrating behavior -  demonstrating objects & status symbols 
• How to reach a positive picture of the self?   1. Situationselection (approach success, avoid failure) 2. Self-servinginformationprocessing (a) Selectively searching for information that support desired conclusions -  spend more attention to positive than negative feedback -  remember success, forget failure -  recall more fitting memories of own (desirable) behaviors -  inflate own contribution to joint successes (not failure) (b) re-asses self-threatening implications of feedback: -  Reduce credibility of test after negative feedback -  Blame circumstances for negative performance (but take credit for success) (c) Process positive info with higher weight when integrating info - Idiosyncratic definitions of abilities    3. BiasedSocialComparisons self-evaluation maintenance theory - Downward social comparison - Upward social comparison 
• Attitude Functions     Mastery:  1. Knowledge/appraisal function: know what to (dis-)like, expect, what to look out for 2. Instrumental/utilitarian function: Know how to behave: organize approach and avoidance behavior in order to reach own goals   Connectedness 3. Selfdefinition&value-expression function: attitudes as part of the self-concept 4. Socialidentity function(SocialAdjustment): belong to others who share attitude 5. Impressionmanagement function(ego-defensive): express desirable attitude to gain/maintain desired outcomes     
• Persuasion Heuristics:   1. Emotional associations    2. Mood: § The‘How do  Ifeel about it?’-heuristic § (Independent feeling scan be misattributed) 3. Familiarity §  Mere exposure (best when unaware of previou sexposures) §  Arguments of previously encountered sources become more convincing, credible, valid § Allows easy processing (fluency)    4. Attractiveness: agreeing with those we like 5. Expertise heuristic: § Accept validity of claim on basis who said it not on what is said... § Competence – needs proof of status / accomplishments § Scientific objectivity: numbers,graphs,equations    6. Message-Length heuristic 7. Popularity heuristic: 
• De-individuation Theory   ðincreased group identity ðreduced self-observation & self-evaluation ðreduced self-control (guilt, shame, fear) 

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