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Introduction to Research Methods (Subject) / RM (Lesson)
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- single-variable research goal to describe some specific property of a large group of people census surveys population survey cluster sampling
- census data collected from every member of a population of interest
- population survey uses random selection to identify a sample of people to be surveyed
- cluster sampling create list of locations select reasonable number of e.g. school from that locations select students from each school
- sampling error reflects the likely discrepancy between the results one obtains in a specific sample and the results one would have been likely to have obtrained from the entire population also called: margin of error
- epidemiology scientific study of the causes of disease
- epidemiological research descriptive studies that focus primarily on the prevalence of different psychological disorder within meaningful, well-defined populations
- correlational methods researchers become interested in identifying the variables that are responsible for their observations e.g. looking at the associations of variables in natural settings
- person confound occurs when a variable (such as depression) seems to cause something because people who are high or low on this variable also happen to be high or low on some individual difference variable (e.g. demographic or personal characteristic) that is associated with the outcome variable of interest
- environmental confound like person confound, except that they refer to environmental (e.g. situational) rather than personological nuisance variables
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- operational confounds occur when a measure designed to assess a specific construct such as depressen, memory, or foot size inadvertently measures something else as well
- unobtrusive observations the researchers does not interfere in any way with people's natural behaviour people do not realize that they are being studied
- procedural confound same as environmental confound occur when an experimenter unwittingly manipulates two or more things at once
- semantic priming refers to the finding that people recognize most words more quickly than usual when they have just been exposed to words that have a similar meaning
- noise refers to extraneous variables that influence the dependent variable but are evenly distributed across experimental conditions
- mundane realism studies that physically resemble the real world are high in mundane realism
- experimental realism refers to the degree to which a research study is psychologically meaningful to research participants
- manipulation check a measure taken to see if participants in different experimental conditions were, in fact, experiencing different levels of the variable you were hoping to manipulate
- one-group design all participants are in one gorup in a quasi-experimental treatment example of a pseudo-experiment
- time-series design researchers look at long runs of data to show equivalence prior to a quasi-manipulation
- internal analysis psychologists break one or more groups into additional subgroups to test for subgroup differences that are consistent with the focal theory or with competing theories
- name-letter effect people like letters that occur in thei own names quite a bit more than they like letters that do not