Social and Cross-Cultural Psy (Subject) / Chapter 15 (Lesson)

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• cross-cultural replication a test of whether the results of a study are the same if it is repeated as exactly as possible in another cultural context
• culture a social system that is characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members
• eco-cultural theory a theory that proposes that different forms of culture have arisen as adaptations to differing environmental challenges to survival
• nation-level factor analysis an analysis across many nations of data in which the mean response for each survey item for each nation is treated as the unit of analysis
• individualism-collectivism individualist nations are those in which people describe themselves in ways that emphasize their autonomy from others; collectivist nations are those in which people describe themselves in ways that emphasize their links with others
• power distance the extent to which hierarchy and deference are accepted within a nation
• uncertainty avoidance the extent to which a nation is averse to risk and uncertainty
• cultural masculinity-femininity the extent to which gender roles in a nation are seen as differentiated (masculinity) or similar (femininity)
• embeddedness versus autonomy values characteristics of a culture in which relations with one's long-term membership groups are prioritized, rather than emotional and intellectual separateness from others
• hierarchy versus egalitarianism values characteristic of a culture in which inequality is accepted and deference is given to one's seniors, rather than granting equality to all people
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• mastery versus harmony values characteristic of a culture in which achievement is sought and esteemed, rather than harmony with nature
• acquiescent responding a tendency for a respondent to agree with all items on scales measuring attitudes, beliefs or values, even those that contradict one another
• cognitive style people with an analytic style focus on the main element within information that they are processing; people with a holistic style focus on the relations between the different elements in information that they are processing
• better than average effect the finding that more than 50 per cent of participants report themselves to be better than average on a variety of criteria
• display rules cultural understandings as to whether emotions should be expressed openly
• acculturation the process whereby two cultural groups that come into contact with one another cause change in one or both parties
• bicultural identity seeing oneself as having simultaneous membership of two culturally-distinct groups
• bicultural identity integration present when a person sees their alternate identities as compatible with one another

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