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Social and Cross-Cultural Psy (Subject) / Chapter 14 (Lesson)
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- ethnocentrism the tendency to judge ingroup attributes as superior to those of the outgroup and, more generally, to judge outgroups from an ingroup perspective
- prejudice an attitude or orientation towards a group (or its members) that devalues it directly or indirectly, often to the benefit of the self or own group
- authoritarian personality personality syndrome characterized by a simplistic cognitive style, a rigid regard for social conventions and submission to authority figures (associated with prejudice towards minority groups and susceptibility to Fascism)
- social dominance orientation an individual difference variable that captures a desire for hierarchical group relations
- social dominance orientation an individual difference variable that captures a desire for hierarchical group relations
- accentuation effect when (social) categories are correlated with a continuous dimension (e.g. skin colour, eye shape) there is a judgemental tendency to overestimate similarities within, and differences between the categories on this dimension
- outgroup homogeneity effect a tendency to see the outgroup as more homogeneous than the ingroup
- illusory correlation effect a tendency to perceive a relationship that does not actually exist (e.g between a group and negative behaviour), or to perceive one that does exist as stronger than it actually is
- superordinate goals goals that can only be achieved by two groups working together cooperatively, to mutual benefit
- positive interdependence a situation in which there are positive bonds between individuals or groups characterized by cooperation, reciprocity and mutual benefits
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- negative interdependence a situation in which bonds between individuals or groups are characterized by conflicts of interests, often leading to antagonism or realistic conflict
- ingroup bias behaviours or evaluations that favour the ingroup over the outgroup; ingroup favouritism treats the ingroup more positively, outgroup derogation treats the outgroup less positively
- social identity that part of our self-concept corresponding to group memberships, and the value and emotional significance attached to these memberships
- group identification the degree to which people see themselves in terms of a group membership (group-level self-definition) and the degree of value and emotional attachment to the group (group-level self-investment)
- positive-negative asymmetry evidence that people show more ingroup bias when distributing positive rewards than punishment or penalties
- relative deprivation a resentful feeling that the self or ingroup is worse off than the other or outgroup
- positive differentiation involves making the group positively different from a comparison outgroup on available dimensions of comparison (e.g. by means of more positive evaluations or reward allocations) (see also ingroup bias)
- self-esteem hypothesis the prediction that ingroup bias will lead to an increase in group level self-esteem or satisfaction
- social reality constraints evidence that the outgroup is clearly better on a certain dimension can make ingroup bias on that dimension difficult to justify
- outgroup bias a tendency to favour the outgroup over the ingroup in terms of evaluations or reward allocations
- group emotions emotions experienced as members of social groups rather than as individuals, reflecting appraisals of events in terms of group level concerns and coping resources
- contact hypothesis intergroup contact will reduce prejudice if it (1) has acquaintance potential; (2) takes place under conditions of equal status; (3) involves cooperation towards a common goal; and (4) takes place in a supportive normative climate
- jigsaw classroom a cooperative teaching method designed to reduce prejudice in diverse classrooms
- decategorization reducing the salience of intergroup boundaries through personalized contact; attention to idiosyncratic rather than category-based information about outgroup members should, over time, reduce the usefulness of the category, and reduce prejudice
- recategorization recommends replacing salient ingroup-outgroup distinctions at a subordinate level with a common ingroup identity at a superordinate level that includes both former ingroup and outgroup members
- mutual differentiation (or categorization approach to improving intergroup relations) making group affiliations salient during contact to give members of the respective groups distinct but complementary roles
- intergroup anxiety a negative affective state experienced when anticipating future, or experiencing actual, contact with an outgroup member, stemming from the expectation of negative consequences for oneself during intergroup interactions
- ingroup reappraisal realization that ingroup norms, customs and lifestyles are not inherently superior to those of outgroups; this process is implicated in the generalization of positive contact effects to other outgroups
- extended contact hypothesis mere knowledge that an ingroup member has a close relationship with an outgroup member can improve outgroup attitudes
- principle-implementation gap acceptance of racial equality in principle is accompanied by resistance to specific policies that would bring about such racial equality