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Social and Cross-Cultural Psy (Subject) / Chapter 9 (Lesson)
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- aggression any form of behaviour intended to harm or injure another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment
- intimate partner violence perpetration or threat of an act of physical violence within the context of a dating or marital relationship
- bullying denotes aggressive behaviour directed at victims who cannot easily defend themselves, typically in schools and at the workplace
- terrorism politically motivated violence, intended to spread fear and terror among members of a society in order to influence the decision-making or behaviour of political agents
- violence behaviours carried out with intention to cause serious harm that involve the use or threat of physical force
- relational aggression behaviour that is intended to harm the target person through damaging his or her social relationships, for example negative comments behind the person's back
- instrumental aggression aggressive behaviour performed to reach a particular goal, as a means to an end
- hostile aggression aggressive behaviour motivated by the desire to express anger and hostile feelings
- media violence-aggression link hypothesis that exposure to violent media contents makes media users more aggressive
- Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) self-report instrument to measure stable individual differences in trait aggressiveness
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- sexual aggression forcing another person into sexual activities through a range of coercive strategies, such as threat or use of physical force, exploitation of the victim's inability to resist, or verbal pressure
- peer nominations method for measuring (aggressive) behaviour by asking other people (e.g. classmates) to rate the aggressiveness of an individual
- steam boiler model part of Konrad Lorenz's theory of aggression, assuming that aggressive energy is produced continuously within the organism and will burst out spontaneously unless released by an external stimulus
- hormones higher levels of testosterone and lower levels of cortisol have been linked to aggression, but they need to be considered in combination with environmental influences
- physical aggression behaviour that is intended to inflict physical harm on the target person
- frustration-aggression hypothesis assumes that frustration - that is, blockage of a goal-directed activity - increases the likelihood of agressive behaviour
- displaced aggression tendency to respond to frustration with an aggressive response directed not at the original source of the frustration but at an unrelated, more easily accessible target
- aggressive cues situational cues with an aggressive meaning that increase the accessibility of aggressive cognitions
- weapons effect finding that individuals who were previously frustrated shows more aggressive behaviour in the presence of weapons than in the presence of neutral objects
- cognitive neo-associationist model explains aggressive behaviour as the result of negative affect that is subjected to cognitive processing and activates a network of aggression-related thoughts and feelings
- excitation transfer theory transfer of neutral physiological arousal onto arousal resulting from frustration, thus augmenting negative affect and enhancing the strength of an aggressive response
- direct reinforcement experience of positive consequences of aggressive behaviour (e.g. status gain among peers) that increases the probability of future aggressive acts
- aggressive scripts cognitive representation of when and how to show aggressive behaviour
- general aggression model (GAM) integrative framework explaining how personal and situational input variables lead to aggressive behaviour via cognitive appraisal and negative affective arousal
- trait aggressiveness denotes stable differences between individuals in the likelihood and intensity of aggressive behaviour
- hostile attribution bias tendency to attribute hostile intentions to a person who has caused damage when it is unclear whether or not the damage was caused accidentally or on purpose
- modelling learning by imitation, observing a model being rewarded or punished for his or her behaviour
- heat hypothesis hypothesis that aggression increases with higher temperatures
- geographic regions approach method for testing the heat hypothesis by comparing violence rates in cooler and hotter climates
- time periods approach method for testing the heat hypothesis by comparing violence rates in the same region during cooler and hotter periods
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- habituation process whereby the ability of a stimulus to elicit arousal become weaker with each consecutive presentation
- Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) instrument for measuring intimate partner violence by collecting self-reports of perpetration and/or victimization
- post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) characteristic patterns of symptoms observed in survivors of traumatic experiences such as rape
- cyberbullying involves the use of modern technology, such as computers, mobile phones or other electronic devices to inflict intentional harm on others
- interpersonal aggression aggressive behaviour between individuals rather than groups
- intergroup aggression aggressive encounters between groups or aggression based on group membership rather than indivdual characteristics, such as football hooliganism
- collective violence instrumental use of violence by people who identify themselves as members of a group against another group in order to achieve political, economic or social objectives
- staircase model describes the pathway to terrorism as a succession of steps explaining why out of large numbers of disaffected people in a society only very few end up committing terrorist acts
- catharsis release of aggressive tension through symbolic engagement in aggressive behaviour