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Pharmacology (Subject) / Practical (Lesson)

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• Sedato-hypnotics (3) α2-receptor angonists Benzodiazepines Barbiturates
• α2-receptor angonists Xylazine Romifidine Detomidine Medetomidine Dexmedetomidine
• Benzodiazepines Diazepam Zolazepam Midazolam
• Barbiturates (long-, short-, ultrashort-acting) long-acting: phenobarbital short acting: pentobarbital ultrashort-acting: thiopental methohexital
• Sedato-hypnotics Inhibitors of the central nervous system Sedative effect: ↓ psychomotoric activity Hypnotic effect: causes sleeping forces physiological sleeping mechanisms ↑ depth of sleeping
• Sedato-hypnotics, side effects hypertension hypotension vomiting hyperglicaemia air aspiration rumen atony uterus contractions
• sedato-hypnotics, indications IM., IV., (P.O) procedures requiring moderate analgesia in combinations → appropriate anaesthesia for operations
• Benzodiazepines sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant actions pronounced muscle relaxant only in high doses!
• Benzodiazepines, side effects large TPI rarely side effects can cause respiratory depression in higher doses widely used preparations in the sedation and anasthesia (in combinations) of old, debilitated, risk-patients cat: hepatotoxicity when administered for a long time
• Benzodiazepines, indications sedation (p.o., parenterally): paradoxical reactions mainly in cats! anticonvulsive treatment (e.g. epilepsy, tetanus) in combination general anaesthesia (mt frequently with ketamin, tiletamin)os anxiolytic effect is appropriate for treating stress-related diseases
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• Barbiturates sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant activity Pronounced muscle relaxant, anticonvulsive acitivity (e.g. phenobarbital: control of epilepsy)
• Barbiturates, side effects Induction of liver cytochrome P450 enzymes → accelerated metabolism of xenobiotics reactive hepatopathy
• Barbiturates (Phenobarbital), indications: long-term control of epilepsy of dogs treatment of convulsive states, when benzodiazepines are not effective
• Xylazine Xylapan inj. Virbaxyl inj. Rompun inj.
• Detomidine Domosedan inj., gel Cepesedan inj.
• Romifidine primarily used in horses Sedivet inj. Rimidys inj.
• Medetomidine primarily used in small animal practice, low incidenc eof vomiting, α2-α1-receptor-specifity high Domitor inj. Cepetor inj.  
• Dexmedetomidine active isomer of medetomidine, affinity 2-times higher than of medetomidine to α2-receptors Dexdomitor inj.
• α2-receptor antagonists atipamezol (ANtisedan inj.) yohimbine tolazoline
• Diazepam pronounced anticonvulsive effect solution with propylene-glycol: given IM absorption is doubtful (especially in convulsive states) quick effect if given intravenously, rectally appetite stimulant (especially in cats)
• Zolazepam manifactured as a combination product with tiletamine Zoletil inj.
• Midazolam less amount of side effects than diazepam aqueous solution, well absorbed IM.
• Benzodiazepines, antidotes flumazenile sarmazenile
• Phenobarbital oral administration, control of epilepsy (can be used in status epilepticus intravenously)

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