Anästhesie (Subject) / Physik (Lesson)
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- Kinetische Energie Kinetic energy = ½ × mass × (velocity)².
- Epiduralnadeln In the United Kingdom 16G and 18G Tuohy needles which are commonly used in adult practice are 10 cm in length with an 8 cm shaft (which has 1 cm markings). A 15 cm version exists for obese patients and a 5 cm 19G needle (with 0.5 cm markings) is available for paediatric use. The catheter is made of biologically inert Teflon or nylon and is transparent. The distal end has a rounded tip which is closed to reduce the risk of dural or vascular puncture. Two or more side ports are also found in the distal end. Catheters are usually 90 cm in length. There are markings at 5 cm intervals at the distal end and from 5-15 cm there are additional 1 cm markings. The filter has 0.22 micron mesh that acts as a bacterial, viral and foreign body filter.
- Ampere = Volt/ Ohm Wenn mehrere Widerstände: 1/R1+1/R2
- LAMA Laryngeal masks airways (LMAs) are available in sizes 1 to 6. The proximal end is a standard 15 mm. MRI compatible versions are available that do not have a metal spring in the cuff inflation valve. The internal diameters of LMAs are as follows: Size 2 is 7 mm Size 3 is 10 mm Size 4 is 10 mm Size 5 is 11.5 mm. The cuff perishes with autoclaving, therefore each LMA can be used only 40 times.
- Chlorid shift The chloride shift (or Hamburger shift) is the movement of chloride ions into red blood cells (not plasma) as bicarbonate ions enter the plasma, which maintain electrical neutrality. The hydrogen ions are buffered mainly by haemoglobin
- Raoult's law states that the depression or reduction of vapour pressure of a solvent is proportional to the molar concentration of the solute
- Lambert-Beersche Gesetz beschreibt die Abschwächung der Intensität einer Strahlung bei dem Durchgang durch ein Medium mit einer absorbierenden Substanz, in Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration der absorbierenden Substanz und der Schichtdicke. Extinktion (Absorbanz des Materials für Licht der Wellenlänge ) ist gegeben durch mit : Intensität des transmittierten Lichtes (Einheit: W·m−2) : Intensität des einfallenden (eingestrahlten) Lichtes : Stoffmengenkonzentration der absorbierenden Substanz in der Flüssigkeit (Einheit: mol·l−1) : dekadischer Extinktionskoeffizient : Schichtdicke des durchstrahlten Körpers (Einheit: m)
- Graham's law Graham's law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of molecular weight
- Bougner's (or Lambert's) law states that each layer of equal thickness absorbs an equal fraction of radiation which passes through it.
- altitude physiology Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg. Because air is compressible the fall in atmospheric pressure with altitude is non-linear. If 230 mmHg equals 100% atmospheric pressure then 21% is oxygen (this does not change with altitude), that is, 46 mmHg. Mitochondrial numbers increase as part of chronic acclimatisation, reflecting improved cellular oxygen use. At 19200 m atmospheric pressure is only about 40 mmHg and body fluids will boil at 37°C!