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MVST 1B (Subject) / ExpPsy (Lesson)
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- Emmert's Law Adjust retinal image size for estimated distance → distance heuristics
- Distance heuristics Binocular disparity - horopter, un-/crossing Perspective - corridor Occlusion Horizont / scence
- Brightness depends on lightness & illumination → partial out constant illumination contrast via lateral antagonism Examples ??
- Motion Problem Reichart's motion detectors vs discrete motion object permanence / correspondence Heuristics (Ramchandran & Anstis) Object properties: shape, colour Physical models, inertia objects vs trajectories
- Visual perception Ambiguus Size/distance lightness/illumination motion/permanence Helmholtz "seeing is believing"
- Attention What is it? Allocation of resources concentrating vs ignoring (attenuation) filter - cokcktail party effect How does it select? Endogenous / exogenous cuein valid/invalid → cueing benefit / cost What does it select? spotlight vs object cueing with bars Neurology: Neglect, Balint's syndrome (simultanagnosia), extinction
- Attentional biases Stroop tests Sign of phobia, expertise, ...
- Classical conditioning Mechanism: US, UR, NS, CS, CR; little Albert Correlates: amygdala, hippocampus? Cognitive: expectations, extinction & instruction, biological preparedness Relevance: phobias, addiction (conditioned withdrawal symptomes)
- Operant conditioning Mechanism: predictive learning → re-enforcers / punishment Correlates: nucleus accumbens, reward pathway Cognitive Throndike's Law of Effect (S → R, late) vs Tolman's Expectancy Theory (S R → O, early) Reinforcer devaluation procedure → double systems account; expt's w/ children, rats Relevance: Drug addiction (reward and self therapy)
- Long-term memory storage practice level of processing: semantic > rhymes > spelling elaboration: non-/self-generated, meaningful organisation: advanced question spacing: encoding variability active retrieval intention??
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- Memory Multi-store model (Atkinson-Shiffrin): Sensory stores - STM - LTM Rehearsal, forgetting Sensory stores: iconic echoic masking Baddeley's STM encompasses short-term stores; "working attention" PL (=PS + AL), VSP, EB CE LTM explicit (semantic, episodic) implict (procedural, perceptual, priming) Experiments?
- Autism Symptoms Social / communication Narrow interests / repetitie behaviour History & prevalence ?? Theories Mindblindness: Sally/Anne x2, face reading weak central coherence: embedded figures dysexecutive syndrome: WCS, Tower of Hanoi Neurobiology Early brain overgrowth x3
- IQ History Binet: mental / biological age Tests WAIS-R Ravens' matrices What does it test Statistical measure Pearson's 'g' vs Thurstone's several factors → multiscale analysis Criteria Reliability: reproduce result in time Validity: correlate with education, achievement, other tests Heritabilty ??
- Rational decisions Rational = according to normative model Expected value Expected utility Prospect theory: reference point (gains / losses), risk aversion, risk reversal (framing effect) Herbert Simon: satisficing vs optimising Rationality 1 vs 2 (name ??)
- Judgment of probabilities Cognitive biases baserate neglect: engineers/lawyes, farmers/librarians conjunction fallacy: Linda representation fallacy: Baye's rule, cancer screening availabilty General Ambiguity wrt to base rate computational constraints → better with frequencies complicated formula Rational is what works?