Cognition and Attention (Subject) / Chapter 2 (Lesson)

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• information processing approach focus on processes by which information in a stimulus is translated to a response
• information theory theory in which info is quantified as the reduction in uncertainty. amount of information in a stimulus is expressed in bits
• subtractive method method of determining the time required to perform a particular process by measuring the time to perform a task which includes that process and subtracting from it the time to perform a task which does not include the process but which is otherwise identical
• subtractive method method of determining the time required to perform a particular process by measuring the time to perform a task which includes that process and subtracting from it the time to perform a task which does not include the process but which is otherwise identical
• assumption of pure insertion insertion of additional process does not alter the basic task structure
• additive factors method Sternbergs method for determining which stages are involved in a particular information processing task. if two factors have additive effects, assumed to affect different stages if two factors interact, assumed to affect same stage
• stage robustness stages are robust if a number of experiments produce data consistent with the proposed stages and if when two factors show additive effects, the addition of a third factor does not result in a higher-order interaction
• arousal level readiness to act
• yerkes-Dodson Law performance is an inversted U-shaped function of arousal
• cue-utilization theory high arousal leads to greater selectivity and is thus beneficial only when relatively few cues have to be monitored. Low arousal leads to better performance when many cues have to be monitored
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• speed-accuracy trade-off inverse relation of reaction time and accuracy such that, in a given task, increases in reaction time are generally accompanied by reduced accuracy of performance
• signal detection theory compares the detection of a signal in noise to a statistical decision between confusable alternatives. separate sensory and decision processes in perception; sensory processes indexed by detectability d' decision processes by criterion measure such as beta
• event-related potentials (ERPs) averaging many single-trial EEGs starting from a particular external event
• oddball paradigm used in ERP research in which one standard stimulus is repeated and ocasiionally replaced by a different, oddball stimulus when oddball occurs, clear P3 component evoked
• P3 reflects process in memory updating
• mismatch negativity outcome of a preattentive process that registers mismatch between new sensory process input and representation of standard stimulus
• lateralizeed readiness potential (LRP) electrical activity above primary motor cortex prior execution of response high activity in: -contralateral=motor activation larger for required response -ipsilateral=motor activation larger for incorrect response

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