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BIOC2 (Subject) / Kohlenhydrate (Lesson)

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• Was ist eine Ketose? mittige Carboxylgruppe R C=0 R
• Was ist eine Aldose? carboxylgruppe am Ende H C=O R
• Was ist eine Carboxylgruppe O=C (-H) Keton
• Was ist eine Hydroxylgrupe? OH
• Function of Carbohydrates? Energy stores structural frameword of DNA and RNA structural elements in cell membranes Proteins are glydosylated by carbohydrates importance in cell-cell communication and cell survival
• Which groups contain monosaccharides? hydroxyl group OH carboxyl group O=C  
• What are monosaccharides? ketons with 2 or more hydroxyl groups
• constitutional isomers? atoms and funct. groups join together in: different sequence
• stereoisomers? atoms and funtional groups joined togeter in: different geometrical positioning e.g.: D-/ L- Glycerinaldehyd Sonderform enantiomere (spiegelbildlich)  
• Epimere? atoms and funct. groups differ in only one asymetric C-atom e.g.: D-Glucose and D-Mannose  
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• chemical basis for ringbuilding of sugars? Pyranose: keton reacts with alcohol <--> hemiketal aldehydreacts with alcohol <--> hemiacetal
• What is pyranose? building of  6C - Ring   furanose  5C-Ring
• Forms of sugars: Monosaccharides: single carbohydrate chain (Glucose, Fructose, Galac.) Disaccharides: dimer of 2 monosaccharides (Sucrose, Lactose) Oligosaccharides: oligomere (<20) of monosaccharides (Raffinose) Polysaccharides: polymer (>20) of monosaccharides ( Amylose, Cellulose, Glycogeen)
• what is a disaccharide? 2 sugars joined by an O-glycosidic bond
• How and where is glucose stored: stored in glycogeen (polysaccharide) in muscle and liver -> non osmotic
• functions of glycoproteins? Glycoproteins: cell membrane or secreted proteins   proteoglycans: structural components and lubricants.   Mucins: component of mucus - lubricant.   ----->  increase of complexity of the proteome.
• where is the bond of a glycoprotein? glycosidic bond:   throug asparagine (n-linked) trrough serine or threonine (o-linked) Ans-X-Ser Ans-X-Thr
• 2 classes of metabolism? catabolism: conversion of energy from nutrients into chemically useful form   anabolism: Reacrions that requires chemical energy e.g.: muscle contr., active transprot of molec. against cenc. gradient,synthesis of biomolecules
• importance about ATP? ATP has 2 high energy phosphate bonds --> high transfer potential AMP, ADP and Pi are more stable in water   electrostatic repulsion:  (4 neg. charges) hydration resonance stabilisation
• How is ATP built? oxidation of nutreints is the most important source of cehm. energy released electrons are captured --> regenerate ATP from APD and Pi  

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