Study of english (Subject) / Syntax2 (Lesson)

Syntax2

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• Expressing Grammatical relations Word order  inflection Function words/free grammatical morphemes Intonation
• Word order   grammaticality (can be affected by word order) I want to have a nice steak for supper. For supper I want to have a nice steak A nice steak I waant to have for supper. (same expression,but other emphasis) *want to have i for supper a nice steak Changes in meaning Tom saw Jim <--> Jim saw Tom I had made some copies <--> I had some copies made
• Inflection (Grammatical relation /syntax) a) plural (s) book-books, glass-glasses b) comparative/superlative (er/ -est) cheap-cheaper-cheapest c)tense present(s)..wlaks past(ed)...walked
• Function words/ free grammatical morphemes   a)of/by in noun phrases: a pound of flesh the tower of babel a painting by Van Bogh b) comparative/ superlative/ more/most more /most beautiful more/most polite c) determiners -) a the, this, that, some, every, most d) auxiliaries/ modals -) have, be , can, may , will etc.
• Intonation   a) falling/rising at end of clauses This is peaceful evening. ---> Statement This is peaceful evening?----> spurise (same struct, only intonation different) b) tone unit contours for subordinate clauses Politicians who are corrupt should be exposed Politicians, who are corrupt, should be exposed c)internal structure Those who sold quickly made quickly=> a) sold, b)made (ambigious)
• Language Typologies   Grammatical relatedness: Typological (language type) # etymoloical On the basis of grammatical patterns: Morpholosyntax: -four prototypes, -two poles Word order:  Clause level phrase level Word level
• Morphosyntax Does a language have inflections and which kind it has! Four prototypes a) isolating b) agglutinating c) inflectional (Fusional) c) Polysynthetic (incorporating) Two Poles a) Analitic b)Synthetic TWO DESCRIPTIVE SYSTEMS
• ISOLATING belongs to which grammatical pattern and what is it? one word= one morpheme one word=> one meaning semantically transparent (how easy it is to see what particular par in a language is doing) e.g. Mandarin chinese all words are isolated units all the information are given by simple words words dont take inflection each word corresponds to one meaning /one function
• Agglutinating (which gramm. pattern) prescriptive or descriptive Poly-morphemic words, one morpheme->one meaning semantically transparent Turkish Words contain many morphemes but each morphemehas one meaning so it is still transparent although you put it into one word understand -conn- abil- irr- infer- I gather i will be able to undrstand MORPHOSYNTAX
• Infelctional/fusional (which gramm. pattern)? Poly-morphemic words one morpheme---> more than one meaning semantically non-transparent  latin, spanish, russian 3FUNCTIONS GO INTO ONE MORPHEME--> FUSIONAL    
• Polysynthtic/ Incorporating (which gramm. patterns) complex words, often containing whole clauses eg. native american languages ( e.g. Inuit) North america, southern tiwa, aboriginal australian languages
• Distinctions based on 2 parameters Wheter grammatical information is given in : words or morphemes Whether complex words structure is : transparent or fused English: mostly isolating, a bit inflectional (fused)
• Analytic vs. Synthetic languages   Analytic--> relyon word -order rules and free grammaical morphees ( function word synthectic---> rely on inflection isolating languages analytic: inflectional languages are synthetic most languages are mixed engl.: mostly analytic, bit syntheticc
• Basic types (gramm. pattern) head initail languages head final languages
• Clauses level( gramm. pattern) cross-linguistic tendencies:  V and O adjacent , VO (head initial), OV (head final) S precedes O Major types: SVO (engl.), SOV Minor types: VSO, VOS, OVs, OSV
• phrase level (which gramm. pattern) NP: headinitial (noun-adjective (e.g.French)) head final: adjective-noun (e.g. english, german) PP- head initial (preposition- NOun (e.g. english, german) head final  noun-postposition (eg. Hindi, Japanese)
• Grammatical theories traditional grammar structuralism gereative syntax british contextualism cognitive/ construction grammar
• traditional grammar usually descriptive+ comparative doesnt assume underline levels use traditional terminology, based on latin
• structuralism   why use people certain sturectures why is it htat languages have this form  why is it that languages differ how people conceptualize language?
• generative syntax why is it that people can learn language very easily quickly explain how our competence comes about of language
• British contextualism language functions within the context concentrate on context systemic functional linguistics
• cognitive construction grammar how people store information  how people see things
• Crucial differences formal vs. functional modular vs. non-modular relevance of meaning (role of semantics) gerative or not (predictablity) cognitive reality of rules /principles relavance of linguistic context
• Formal vs. functional concentrate on the form semantic only if it directly influence the form (formal) how language functions: a) communicative sense (what kind of discourse): expressive, informative, persuative b) stlistics: rhetoric, discourse static, not part of grammar c) interaction: what do i intend? pragmatics How does in function in a context? d) semantic function: agent+ patient e) syntactic function: subject+ object
• One word- one morpheme one morpheme --more than one meaning poly-morphemic words semantically transparent semantically non -transparent complex words latin aboriginal australian russian turkish chinese all wors are isolated units spanish ... cevap defter

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