Study of english (Subject) / Syntax 1 (Lesson)

Syntax1

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• What is grammar (2 important senses)? a) Complete system of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic information and rules that spreakers of a given language possess.--> abstract system b) a special kind of book where one finds rules to use language corretly - prescriptive, -descriptive,-traditional,-pedagogical,-theoretical
• prescriptive? manual that gives rules how language be used  
• descriptive approach that desries the grammatical constructions that are used in a language, without making any evaluative judgments about their standing in society  
• traditional range of attitudes and methods found in the period of grammatical study before the advent of linguistic science
• pedagogical book specifically designed for teaching a foreign language
• theoretical approach that goes beyond the study of individual language, study of linguistic universals
• What is SYNTAX arrangement of.. 1. of words into bigger units 2. or well formed phrases, cluases and sentences
• Grammar and Syntax Grammar: syntax+inflectional morphology Morphology: word formation+ infl. morphology  
• General principles of all grammars a) meaning relations b) sequencing c) hierarchy and dependency d) syntacti form and function
• Meaning relations? A clause consists of ?? Types of clauses? Basic struture of clauses predicate--> proprty of an entity or a relationship  between entitites; typically: activities, events Arguments---> entities in question ; typically participants A clause consists of a predicate+ arguments Types of clauses: a) finite clause: Peter meets tom b) non finite clause: Made in England c) verbless: off with you!
• Sequencing? Meaning? Rules? The buttler killed the lady--->? So what does sequencig do according to the meaning? Meaning: also expressed through sequencing a) the buutler killed the lady--> lady is dead b) the lady killed  the buttler---> buttler is dead c)The killed lady buttler hte* Sequencing rules: language speific Engl.---> NP V NP
• Hierarchy The students follow the lecture. Clause elements are hierarchically ordered constituents top--> clause middle--> phrases bottom--->words a)the students follow the lecture.--->simple clause (clause level) b)the students(NP) follow(VP) the lecture(NP)-->phrase level c) The (det) students(N) follow(v) the (det) lecture (N)-->word level
• Dependency relations: predicate as nucleus (head) follow the students                                                                    the lecture   -) subject not directly controlled by predicate the students--->follow-->the lecture
• Constituent analysis Substitution (pronominalisation) movement questioning /sentence fragment coordination passivisation
• Substitution   Many people will go They will go 
• Movement! Many people will go to the station every morning Every morning many peopke will go to the station.
• Questioning many people will go to the station every morning. Were will many people go every morning.. --to the station
• Coordination Many people and my friends will go to the station every morning and--> combines only constituents of the same kind
• Passivisation My brother invite John to his party. ---> John is invited by my brother to his party
• Syntacit form and function   Syntactic form:  category or classes defined by syntacti, semantic, and morphological criteria e.g. noun, adjective, verb phrase Syntactic function: the role of an element in its grammatical contxt subject, predicate, complement constituents
• Suntactic form and function NP can be:? The subject can be? ONe form- many functions: NP can be: Subject---> Bikes are everywhere to be found Object---> Children love their bikes Modifier---> The bike's back wheel is flat one function- many forms The subject can be: NP-> bikes are everywhere to be found Clause--> to wait for him would be difficult PP--> From here to Paris is a long trip
• General principles implies..?I) II) I) syntax/grammar is complex, ultilayered, but also highly flexible and creative ii) most grammar rules have their exceptions and counter examples e.g. sequencing of adverbs
• Selected (problematic) aspects: a) phrase structure b) syntactic ambiguity c) clause patterns
• Phrase structure types and sturcture e.g. the eight year old son of my neighbour told us very vividly about a new book on knights and medieval castles. eg. the best ice-cream in town a phrase can contain other phrases -->??? eg. told us about a types: np, vp, pp,adjp, advp structure; head+ dependents/modifiers head=most important word of a phrase the eight year old son of my neighbour (np)told (vp) us(np) very vividly (advp) about a new book on knights and medieal castles(pp) the best (pre dependents) ice-cream (head) in town (post-dependents) a phrase can contain other phrases--embeding np- us, a new book pp- on knights and medieval castles pp> np+ pp
• Syntactic Ambiguity My sister will read the letter to John. More than one constituency structure my sister will read the letter to John. 1. my sister will read it. -->the letter directed to John 2. My sister will red it to John--> the reading is directed to john  
• Syntactic Ambiguity My sister will read the letter to John. More than one constituency structure my sister will read the letter to John. 1. my sister will read it. -->the letter directed to John 2. My sister will red it to John--> the reading is directed to john  
• Clause Patterns syntax functions Predicate can consist of Types of sentence! Syntac functions: subject+predicate The family are enjoying their supper Predicate can consist of : -predicator (VP) -predicator+ subject complement -predicator + adjunct -predicator+ 1 object (direct) pedicator+ 2 objects (indirect+ direct) predicator+ object+ object complement predicator+ object+ adjunct TyPES OF SENTENCE Simple sentence= 1 clause eg. I cannot believe this. Compound sentence= coordinated clauses eg. I cannot believe this and that will never change. Complex Sentence= main+ subordinated clauses  
• Subordinate clauses Adjectives of subordinates, and what kind of subordiantes do you know? subordinate clauses: finite or non-finite  I canot believe that I am here tonight I cannot believe being here tonight Subordinated clauses can fulfil all syntactic functions  expect for predicator in main clause (e.g. subject, object, adjunct) I know that you are lying --> OBJECT THAT you are lying is obvious---> subject The students yawned because the professor was droning on endlessly. --ADJUNCT

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