Paradigmatic vs. Syntagmatic relations
Paradigmatic Relations:vertical relationship of linguistic forms which can replace eachother in a structure Syntacmatic Relations: horizontal relationship holding between linguistic forms which co-occur iin the same stucture
Synonymy types + E.g!
1. Near Synonymy: The baby began/started to cry. 2. Emotional Synonymy: Mum/mother 3. Regional Synonymy: truck/lorry 4. Stylistic Snonymy: Car- automobile, Buy/ pruchased 5. Euphemism: the substitution of an agreeable expression in place of one that may offend orsuggest sth. unpleasant to the listener dustman/ refuse collector; die/pass away; toilet/ bathroom; disable/physically callanged
Antonymy types?
oppositeness of meaning gradable: opposite meaning along a scale (big/small, new/old) NOn-gradable/complementary antonyms: words which are direct opposites (e.g. alive/dead, true/false, male/female) reversives: antonyms in which the meaning of one is the reverse action of the other e.g. enter/exit, come/go, dress- undress Converses: Antonyms which describes things from another point of view. Eg. buy-sell, husband-wife
Hyponymy
the lexical relation in which the meaning of on eword is included in the meaning of another Animal (Superordinate,orchilexeme) Hyponymy Dog Cat Horse Co-Hyponyms= words that share the same superordiate
Semantic features & Sense relations
Synonymy -> identical set of features Mum vs Mother Mum vs mother + human +human +adult +adult -male -male +parent +parent Antonymy -> contrast in only one feature alive vs. dead + alive -alive Hyponymy -> hyponyms contain all features of the superordinate terms plus extra features Child (+human,-adult) <-superordinate Boy (+human,-adult+male) Girl (+human-adult-male)
Syntacmatic lexical relations:
Collocation: a relationship between words that frequently occur togetehr -co-occurence of lexical items in text eg. she has a beige car. *she has beige hair
Types of collocations
Totally predictable collocations: addled eggs, rancid butter, blond hair Less predictable collocations: candle...burn, blow out, birthday, brown... hair, car, bread, shirt No predictable collocations: have, be, the... (perhaps all nouns)
Collocational bonds
words not escessarily immediately next to each other bridge word classes and syntactic structure
Idioms
fixed phrase with a special meaning the meaning cannot be derived from it components has a lexical entry of its own, as a whole-> strong syntactic restirctions the words dont lead you to the meaning but the phrase itself idioms are dead metaphors---> maybe they used to the metaphors but they are conventionalised now
Metonymy/ metaphor definition
a word used in place of another with which is closely connected in everyday experience
Metonymy/metaphor relations?
a) container-contens relation (bottle/wate): b) represntative- symbol relation (president/whitehouse) c) whole-part relation (car/wheels; house/roof)
Metaphor?
metaphorical extension as an everyda process seeing one thing in terms of another a cognitive stragtegy to make sense of word not only a literary phenomenon all-pervasive in language
Lexical Creativity
inventing new words: eg. He toothached all our proposals.
