Study of english (Subject) / Morphology2 (Lesson)

Morphology

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• What can we do to add new words to a language? Invent new words borrow from another language Give a new meaning to an existing word Create a new word from already existing elements
• Which word formation processes do you know? Compounding Affixation Conversion Shortenings
• Compounding Word-formation prosess use to create words by combining two or more bases e.g. Textbook, high-speed, moonlight
• Features of English compounds Spelling: there are 3 ways  Breadbin -> as one word bread bin -> spelled separately bread-bin -> written with a hyphen Stress: english noun compounds are stressed on their left-hand member Complexity: right-hand member:  1) main meaning: e.g. plant house= a kind of house house plant= a kind of plant 2) Determines word-class e.g. glasshouse (NN)-> N colour-blind (NA) ->A deep-fry (AV)- V 3)Carries inflection: e.g. to crah-land-> crash-landed (compounds have a binary structure) Wildlife sanctuary wildlife wild live sanctuary
• Affixation word-formation to create new words by adding affixes to existing bases. prefixation rarely change word.calsses of the derivative e.g. obey (v)- disobey (v) legal (A)- illegal (A) member (N)- NOn-member (N) suffixation often change word classes of the derivative Employ (v)- employee (N9 culture (n)- cultural ( A)
• Types of suffixes Agentive suffix: denoting persons eg. -er-> Commander Instrumental suffix: create words denoting instruents -er-> mixer, cutter Diminutive suffixe: suffix that expresses intimacy or smallness e.g. -ette-> kitchenette Gender- marking suffix: create words denoting female or male versions of the base word e.g. - ess-> waitress
• Conversation Word-formation processes used to create lexemes without any change in forms: to record (v)- record (n) to water (v)- water (n)  
• Shortenings Word- formation processes to create a new word by deleting linguistic material, instead of adding it Clippings Blends Abbreviation Back-formation
• Clippings A word-formation process used to create lexemes by means of deleting a part of the based word doctor- doc, examination- exam, influenza- flu, aiplane- plane
• blends word that is created by combining material from tow words into one new word smog- moke-fog brunch- break fast- lunch motel- motor- hotel
• Abbreviation Word-formation process used to creat words by means of combining the initail letters of multy-word combination  1. initialisms: read letter by letter 2. acronyms: read together UNESCO, NATO, OPEC, RAM, ROM - acronyms TV, CD, USA, UK, DJ, CNN -> initialisms
• Back-formation Type of reduction process Typically a word of one type (n) in reduced to a word of another type (v) televise- television emote- emotion babysit- babysitter work- worker

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