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Culture Studies (Subject) / Critical terms and concepts (Lesson)

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• abstract/ abstraction Art nonrepresentional set of styles focus on composition, shape, color, line, texture rather than pictorial representation of a reality external   Advertisement fantasy world created by ads
• Aesthetics branch of philosophy judgements of sentiment and taste   can also mean philosophy of art art's meaning, value in light of standards as beauty & truth postomodernists questioned the universalizing claims of aesthetic judgement
• Analog representation of data by means of physical properties that express value along a continous scale analog technologies: photography, magnetic tape, vinyl...
• Appropriation act of borrowing, stealing or taking over other's works meanings to one's own ends. cultural appropriation: slogans, cultural products aso. putting them in a new context oppositional reading and production
• Aura Walter Benjamin special quality seems to emanate from unique works of arts gives them quality of authenticity cannot be reproduced not quality of work but the quality that is imputed by a culture
• Authenticity quality of being genuine or unique original Walter Benjamin: Authenticity is special something that cannot be reproduced
• Biopower Michel Foucault power enacted on a collective social body regulation and discipline of the individual body to make them as useful as possible for society (technologies of power through which modern states relz on institutional practices to regulate, subjugate and control human subjects)
• Brand naming of companies or products sell them as commodities 19th century
• Bricolage working with whatever materials are at hand cultural:taking commodities and making them own's own, changing meaning Lévi-Strauss "primitive" cultures differ in meaning making from dominant cultures
• Broadcast media transmitted from one central point to many different receiving points. TV/radio --> narrowcast media
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• Cartesian dualism Descartes binary division : mind and body are split mind contains consciousness+reasoning body is only matter
• Cartesian space defintion of space through three axes contingent on the idea of a rational human subject -->sensory experience=put test of judgement
• Cinéma vérité movement of documentary cinema in the 1960's direct cinema naturalistic,pretended unmediated recording of reality long takes, minimal editing, handheld cameras, no vioce over narration or scripts still can be said, that there was an intention of the maker, effect on "authenticity"
• Classical art traditional art typically, greek and roman art balance, symmetry, proportion
• Code implicit rules, by which meanings get put into social practice -->can be read by their users involve a systematic organiztion of signs social conduct (greeting) understood within a given society semiotics, language and representional media are structured according to sepcific codes Stuart Hall: cutural texts can be encoded with meaning by producers -->decoded by viewers
• commodity/commodification originally in marxism commodifictaion=process, material objects, turned into marketable goods with exchange value. commodities are goods marketed to consumers in a commodity culture
• commodity fetishism l
• Commodity self l
• Commodity sign l
• Conceptual art 1960's idea of concept over aesthetic aualities or the material object against the increasing commercialism of the art world presented ideas rather than artworks that could be bought and sold shift focus on creative process
• Connoisseur person who is skilled at discerning quality in particular art "discriminating" taste, of and upper-class status critized because of that
• Connotative meaning semiotics social,cultural, historical meaning added to a signs literal meaning. rely on cultural/historical context of image and viewer's knowledge of those circumstances brings wider realm of ideology, cultural meaning and values systems of a society Roland Barthes: myth when we read connotatice as denotative meanings --> naturalize what are meanings derived from complex social ideologies freedom=american flag, socially, culturally specific meaning, not natural
• Constructivism Art movement Soviet Union after russian revolution modernist avant-garde aesthetic technological progress, machine aesthetic Stalin outlawed it
• Convergence, media combination of media into one point of access or conglomerate form
• Cosmpolitanism being a citizen of the world having an identity more broadly defined than  a provincial or national context
• Counter-Bricolage Robert Goldman, Stephen Papson borrow and sell as commodities aspects of bricolage styles
• Counter-hegemony forces in a society that work against dominant meaning and power systems
• Cubism art movement beginning 1907 modern french avant-garde critique of the dominant perspective in art present the dynamism and complexity of human vision by representingobjects simultaneously from multiple persepctives
• Culture Industry Members of Frankfurt school indicate how capitalism organizes and homogenizes culture less freedom for cultural consumers to construct own meanings mass culture as form of commodity fetishism--> functions as propaganda for industrail capitalism mass culture dictated by formula and repitition, encouraging conformity, passivity, false promises,pseudoindividuality
• Dada intellectual movement, Zurich, 1916 marcel duchamp state of mind anti-art in it's sensibilities irreverent concernig taste and tradition influenced by futurism
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• Decoding interpreting and giving meaning to cultural products in conformity with shared cultural norms stuart hall cultural consumers
• Denotative meaning semitoics literal, face-value meaning of a sign connotative meaning (rose=love romanticism)
• Dialectic
• Diaspora existence of various communities scattered across different places outside their land of origin
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• Direct Cinema closely related to cinéma vérité involved synchronized sound and footage of real-life action spontaneously
• Discontinuity breaking up, interrupting stylistic flow with unexpected or contrasting elements avant-garde, postmodern styles
• Discourse socially organised process of talking about a paticular subject matter foucault: body of knowledge that defines and limits what can be said about something tends to be used for broad bodies of social knowledge social, historical contexts --> change over time produce certain kinds of subjects and knowledge
• Dominant-hegemonic reading Stuart Hall consumer accept message of producers unquestioningly  few viewers mass culture cannot satisfy all
• Encoding Stuart Hall production of meaning in cultural products preferred meaning --> will be decoded by viewers
• Enligthenment 1700 cultural movement rejection of religious, prescientific tradition concept of reason moral and social betterment through scientific progress Kant "sapere aude" printing rise of middle class in europe important aspect of the rise of modernity
• Episteme ideas and ways of ordering knowledge that are taken as truth accurate in a given area foucault dominant mode of organizing knowledge in a period of history each period of hsitory has different episteme
• Epistemology branch of philosophy knowledge and what can be known
• Exchange value monetary value that gets assigned to a commodity in a consume culture ocject seen in terms of exchange value, its economic worth is more important than the use value emphasis in capitalism
• Flâneur french term person who wanders city streets, taking in the sights, those of consumer society era of industrialization and modernity arcades and departement store widnows window shopper looking itself is a form of pleasure male
• Frankfurt school scholars and social theorists germany 1930's --> war USA marxits theory to the new forms of cultural production/social life in capitalist societies rejected Enlightenment reason dod not free people =force rise of technical expertise/expression of instrumental thinking away from goals of human emancipation / exploitation of people/ making systems of social power and dominance more effective Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Herbert Murcuse, Jürgen Habermas
• Gaze visual arts relationship of looking in which the subject is caught up in dynamics of desire through trajectories of looking and being lookes at not exactly what someone performes, relation in which one is caught up psychoanalytical: gaze is intimately linked to fantasy Jacques Lacan (individuals enact desire) gaze of the spectator on an image, male one, inspected women depicted sex, gender, race, class Foucault: relatiosnhip of subjects within a network of power in a given institutional context spatial, institutionally bound relationship into which enters no real subjects needed
• Gender-bending practices that call the traditional gender categories norms of represntation and interpretation into quetsion
• Genre classification of cultural products follow recognizable formulas, codes, conventions
• Globalization describes a set of conditions, escalated since postwar period increased rate of migration multinational corporations international trade liberalization inititatives global decline of sovereign nation-state "shrinking" of the world through commerce and communication conditions ideological, shaped by vying economic,cultural and poitical interests new sorts of local communities(over the internet i.e.) not bound by geography

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