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SII (Subject) / SII (Lesson)

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• Communication ...the activity of conveying information. e.g., … sharing knowledge, making it “common”.
• Information & Knowledge Knowledge turns into information in the moment where it is shared in a communication process. Information creates knowledge if it represents something new to the recipient.
• Data A symbolic representation of something. It has a meaning. Data can be used to store knowledge, and to automate the processing and sharing of knowledge.
• Data & Information Data turns into information in the moment where it is interpreted and understood.
• Data & Information -> Syntax aspect Syntactic aspect –> encoding: 0/1, pictures, numbers, letters, spelling of words, grammar of sentences.
• Data & Information -> Semantic aspect meaning: e.g., formula for calculating the area of a circle.
• Data & Information -> Pragmatic aspect intention: E.g., increase the recipient’s knowledge or pose a question.
• Metadata data about data, e.g.: -          Title of a dataset -          Owner -          Abstract, describing the content. -          Creation date -          Structure -          URL for online access
• Geodetic Reference System Identify locations via coordinates (putting the where into numbers)
• Infrastructure "a substructure or underlying foundation; esp., the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community, state, etc. depends as roads, schools, power plants, transportation and communication systems, etc."
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• SIIs versus SDIs -          In the early days, the term „Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) “was commonly used, which focuses on the availability and access to spatial data. -          Later the term Spatial Information Infrastructure (SII) gained ground, which points to the fact that we ‘re interested in information rather than in data. -          Given that „data “turns into „information “when being part of an information process (and this is what data is used for) the terms SII and SDI can be used as synonyms.
• Spatial Information Infrastructures – Definition Spatial information infrastructures (SIIs) are information infrastructures, which are dedicated to support the communication (provision, discovery, access) of spatial information (information related to space and time) “...base collection of technologies, policies and institutional arrangements that facilitate the availability of and access to spatial data.” “.. for users and providers within all levels of government, the commercial sector, the non-profit sector, academia and by citizens in general.” ‘infrastructure for spatial information’ means metadata, spatial data sets and spatial data services; network services and technologies; agreements on sharing, access, and use; and coordination and monitoring mechanisms, processes and procedures, established, operated or made available in accordance with this Directive. SIIs are very large (!), complex and open socio-technical information systems (systems of systems) -          Large stakeholder community -          Complex organizational structures and interactions -          Broad range of use cases -          Many technologies involved. -          Heterogeneous content
• SAI Model of SIIs Stakeholders – Agreements – Technical Installed Base An SII consists of stakeholders with their concerns and activities, agreements between stakeholders and the technical installed base of hardware, software, and content.
• Database A maaged Set of Data.
• DBMS (Full Term) Database Management System
• Database Management System (DBMS) A software system for managing data.
• Database Server DBMS providing an interface for machine-to-machine interaction.
• A relational DBMS a) the generic structure of tables, attributes, data types b) metadata, describing concrete instances, e.g., the table ‚bookstore ‘with title, author, year..., and its data types.
• A document-oriented database a) the generic structure of JSON type documents b) metadata, describing collections (schema free), indexes  
• SQL (Full Term) Structured Query Language
• SQL – Structured Query Language Most used language for accessing and manipulating relational databases Contains elements of a -          DDL data definition language        •  Defining attributes, data types, constraints -          DML data manipulation language         • Read, update, delete, insert, -          DCL data control language         • User management, transaction control
• UML (Full Term) Unified Modelling Language
• UML - Unified Modelling Language Modelling language and graphical notation for describing the structural as well as behavioural design of software systems
• Principles of Open Data “Open means anyone can freely access, use, modify, and share for any purpose (subject, at most, to requirements that preserve provenance and openness).”
• Communication Protocol A communication protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information ... The protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods.
• URI (Full Term) Uniform Resource Identifier
• URI - Uniform Resource Identifier is a character string used to identify a resource, either by defining its name or its location
• URN (Full Term) Unified Resource Name
• URN (Full Term) Unified Resource Name
• Unified Resource Name - URI A URI providing us with the name of something
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• URL (Full Term) Uniform Resource Location
• Uniform Resource Locator - URL A URI presenting the location may be referred
• HTTP (Full Term) Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• HTTP • Networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems • Main foundation for the WWW • HTTP standard coordinated by IETF and W3C HTTP 1.0 (1991) RFC 1945, HTTP 1.1 (1996) RFC 2616 • Stateless communication between clients and servers (e.g., Web Browser and Web Servers)
• HTTP Methods HTTP - Methods • GET requests a representation (e.g., digital copy) of the specified resource • POST submits data to be processed • PUT uploads a representation of the resource • PATCH apply partial modifications • DELETE deletes the specified resource • TRACE echoes back the received request • HEAD return header of the response message only • CONNECT change the connection modus as to support secured communication. • OPTIONS request HTTP methods supported by the server
• HTML (Full Term) Hypertext Markup Language
• HTML Predominant markup language for web pages. HTML documents may have attributes. HTML elements have a default behaviour. Form elements can be used to implement dynamic interactions between servers’ clients.
• Markup –         Comes from „marking up “a text. –         Annotating/ tagging a text
• HTML layout structure –         Document type declaration –         Header: meta data by default: not visible –         Body: actual content by default: visible
• CSS (Full Term) Cascaded Style Sheets
• Cascaded Style Sheets (CSS) • Syntax of Style Sheets: –         Selector property:value ; property:value ; Example: p {color: red; text align: center;} • Cascading order of style definitions (With overriding from top to down): –         Browser default –         external style sheet –         style sheet in the head section –         style attribute inside an HTML element
• User Interface - Web Browser Architecture user interaction –window-size, URL, search, preferences, bookmarks... (all but the browser’s window)
• Browser Engine - Web Browser Architecture the browser window ‘s business logic, employing the rendering engine
• Rendering Engine - Web Browser Architecture interprets incoming data and creates the visual representation
• Parsers - Web Browser Architecture transform the incoming data into an internal representation (object model)
• DOM Tree - Web Browser Architecture : the content object model and its interface (elements of the HTML doc)
• Rendering Tree - Web Browser Architecture : the object model of the visual representation (frames, layout, ...)
• JS Interpreter - Web Browser Architecture interpreting and executing JavaScript Code (if JS is enabled...), interacting with the rendering engine
• UI Backend: Web Browser Architecture drawing and windowing primitives, widgets, fonts, ...
• Network: Web Browser Architecture all network communication aspects, e.g., http protocol, encodings, caching, error handling

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