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Laboratory Animal Science (Subject) / Anatomy (Lesson)

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• Name Functions of the skin 1. Protective barrier mechanical (trauma) physical (UV-radiation, heat, cold) pathogens (skin immune system) water loss2. Thermoregulation fur (entrapped air) sweat glands blood vessels (dilatation, constriction)3. Sensory and social function skin nervous system (pressure, temperature, pain) glands (scents, pheromones)4. Secretions vitamin D sebaceous/sweat glands specialised glands (mammary gland  milk) subcutaneous fat
• How do mice lower body temperature? no sweat glands (except walking pads) genital area:sebaceous glands without connection to any hair follicles(Gll. preputiales / clitoridales) Blood circulation through hairless tail and sweating If the ambient temperature increases, the blood vessels become distinctly enlarged and serve to keepthe body temperature constant
• name injection sites subcutaneosus neck kneefoldintradermal   
• Is there a standard body temperature in mice? No! There are a lot of variations and influencing factors: Circadian rhythm Strain Gender (females 0.3 °C higher than males; Zidek, 1971) Age
• mitochondrial uncoupling principle -          BAT = Ort der zitterfreien Thermogenese -BAT im Vergleich zu WAT: mehr Mitochondrien , mehrere Lipidvakuolen, kleiner Färbung durch Cytochrom c -Entkopplung des Aufbaus des elektrochem. Protonengradienten an innerer Mito-Membran von der ATP-Gewinnung durch UCP1 (Protonenleck) à Wärmebildung -Durch Wärmebildung: vor allem bei Winterschläfern und kleinen Tieren (Oberflächen/Volumenverhältnis sehr groß) –> Säuglinge -Beim Erwachsenen nur noch rudimentär (z.B. zwischen den Schulterblättern); bei Kälteexposition (bei Schlanken) erhöht!
• functions of skeletal system Support the body, allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles Protect soft organs Skull and vertebrae column for brain ans spinal cord Rib cage for thoracic cavity and some abdominal organs Blood cell formation (red bone marrow) store minerals (Ca, P) store fat
• Morphology of the mouse bony thorax 3 parts of rib cage: sternum ribs thoracic vertebra 13 pairs of ribs:7 pairs of „true“ ribs3 pairs of „false“ ribs3 pairs of „free“ or „floating“ ribs
• Mice are able to perceive different types of odors. Two specialized anatomical structures can be found, please name them and explain their function and discriminate between pharynx and larynx 1) Main olfactory epithelium – Bulbus olfactorius(MOE) specialized for detecting volatile, airbornemolecules Pheromone receptors – Organumvomeronasale (VNO) is specialized for the detection of non-volatilechemosignals (Pheromones), such as thosein urine, skin, scent glands and reproductivesecretions - pharynx is a part of an alimentary canal, which extends from the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx; both air and food pass through the pharynx -larynx is the upper portion of the trachea and contains the vocal cords
• The dentition of mice and the difference to rabbits permanently, mice and rats have 1 incisor and 3 molars on the upper and the lower site --> the incisors have no root and grow permanently, a malocclusion (Zahnfehlstellung) can lead to permanent growth in the case of lacking abraison (supplimentation of gnawing material) rabbits are lagomorphs and have got 8 incisiors
• What is the red tear phenomenon? chromodacryorrhea appears under stressful situations in rats:  red tears and nasalsecretions -->  redness is not caused by blood, but by the secretion of a red pigment,porphyrin from the Harderian gland  --> the rat may have a serious condition because they occur when rats are stressed or ill
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• Which amount of fluid can be applied via oral gavage? 10 ml/kg BW (max. 1 ml/mouse) e.g. 30g mouse - 0,3mlViscid fluids max. 0,5ml    10 ml/kg BW(max. 5ml/rat) e.g. 360g rat - 3,6ml Viscid fluids max. 4ml
• Anatomy of the liver in mice and rats Need-to-know: Mouse and rat livers occupy the entire subdiaphragmatic region rats do not have a gall bladder
• How are liver cells prepared? lead buffer through portal vein (not using v. cava cord.) to drain blood from intestine-->perfuse whole organ  take pancreas out first (autolysis)
• differentiate histology of large and small intestine Large intestine: no villi, only crypts Small intestine (floating in the lumen) villi and crypts both: goblet cells (produce mucus) and smooth muscles 
• name mouse models for kidney diseases 5/6 Nephrectomy Model of hypertensiveNephropathy Unilateral uretericobstruction (UUO) Model of renal interstitialfibrosis and obstructivenephropathy

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