Englisch Linguistik (Subject) / Definitionen (Lesson)

Definitionen Lingu 1

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• Phonetics study of the characteristics of individual speech sounds to identify, describe and transcribe human speech sounds
• Acoustic Phonetics study of phisical properties of speech sounds and theri transmission
• Auditory Phonetics study of the perception of speech sounds and how sounds are perceived abd processed by the listener
• Articulatory Phonetics study of how the speech organs in the vocal tract are used in order to produce speech sounds
• Phonology study of the sound system of a language; of the linguistic status of given sounds in the system of a particular language -discover and describe the systematic phonetic patterns found in individual languages -discover the general principles that underlie the patterning of sounds across all human languages
• Segmental Phonology study of sounds as segments and their systematic combination in syllables and phonological words
• Suprasegmental Phonology study of those features which extend over more than one sound segment Stress, Rhythm, Intonation, Pitch
• Phoneme // smallest unit with meaning differentiating function; abstract class which represents a set of speech sounds that are phonetically similar and in complementary distribution
• Phone [ ] actual realization of a phonemic pronounciation
• Allophone different phonetic realizations of one and the same phoneme -one of at least two variant realizations of a phoneme -do not contrast meaning
• Distinctive features Segments are composed of features -> smallest units of phonology Reflect articulatory basis of speech -> Each feature encodes one of the independently controllable aspects of speech production binary features to characterise differences between phonemes
• The syllable represented by the Greek letter Sigma  structural linguistic unit that is potentially larger than a single phoneme and smaller than a word -phonological unit -> organized around a nucleus (sonority peak) -minimal structre: nucleus only -complex struture: onset + nucleus + coda
• Derivation Combination of a free morpheme and (one or more) bound morpheme(s), yielding a form with a new meaning and/or category
• Compounding Combination of two (or more) free morphemes to form a new word
• Inflection The process by which affixes combine with roots to indicate grammatical categories such as case, plurality or tense to show relationship between the words in a sentence change the word form depending on grammatical context
• Prescriptive Linguistics Normative Approach prescribes the correct usage linguistic conservatism/tradditionalism
• Descriptive Linguistics Modern linguistics analyses languagee as it is used naturally by the speaker explanatory principles based on empirical observations
• Diachronic linguistics The study of language changes over time Compares synchronous stages of languages
• Comparative Linguistics The study of historical and synchronic relations between languages =typology Focusses on similarities between languages and on language universals
• Synchronic Linguistics The study of the state of a language/variety at a particular period of time -Linguistic Theory -Psycholinguistics -Sociolinguistics ...
• Noam Chomsky: 1) Competence 2) Performance 1) idealized individual speaker's internalized knowledge of the system of a language 2) An individual speaker's actual language use
• Ferdinand de Saussure: 1) Langue 2) Parole 1) A speech community's shared knowledge of a language (language system) 2) Actual language use (concrete utterances)
• What does competence entail? -Knowledge of all grammatical and ungrammatical structures in a language -knowledge of ambiguity -generative capacity
• What is the nature of linguistic competence? Linguistic Theory
• [+voice] Air-stream forces its way through the narrow glottis causing vibration of vocal folds
• [-voice] Air-stream passes through open glottis without causing the vocal folds to vibrate
• Articulators front to back Lips, Teeth, Alveolar Ridge, Hard palate, Soft Palate (Velum)
• Organs involved in speech production Lungs, Vocal folds, Tongue, Teeth, Lips, Nose
• glottal state whispering Glottis open only inter-cartilages
• Consonants Produced by obstructing the airstream somewhere in the vocal tract
• Vowels and Diphthongs Produced without any obstruction of the air-stream
• Parameters for the description of vowels Tenseness Lip roundin Tongue position: Height Tongue position: Frontness/Backness
• Monophthong Pure vowel Single vowel sound Speech organs do not change position
• Diphthong Gliding vowel vowel sequence consisting of two sound segments gliding from one position to another: starts with one monophthong, then quality changes toward another monophthong analysed as one vowel phoneme
• centring diphthongs move towards schwa
• Closing/raising diphthongs move towards a closer vowel
• Phonological rule States how underlying representation (UR) is to be realized on the surface (SR) in a specific environment
• Types of class features Major class features: consonantal, sonorant, syllabic Manner features: nasal, continuant, lateral Laryngeal features: voice POA features: LABIAL, CORONAL, DORSAL
• Nucleus Sonority Peak of the syllable produced with little or no obstruction of air -> typically a V Obligatory!
• Onset Structural element which precedes the nucleus produced with greater obstruction of air -> Always formed by one or more C Optional!
• Coda Structural element that follows the nucleus produced with greater obstruction of air -> Always formed by one or more C Optional!
• Rhyme Structural element comprising nucleus and coda Accounts for rhyming potential of syllable Determines heaviness of syllable
• Sonority Principle The sonority priciple of a legitimate syllable must rise continuoussly to a peak and fall continuously after that peak VOWELS 5 APPROXIMANTS 4 NASALS 3 FRICATIVES 2 PLOSIVES 1
• Sonority Intrinsic relative loudness, or 'carrying power' of a sound Universal sonority hierarchy assigns value to each sound
• Maximal Onset Principle Wherever there is indeterminacy, a C is parsed into the onset rather than the coda (cen.tral)
• Lexical Categories Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions
• Functional Categories Pronouns Auxiliaries Determinatives Conjunctions Complementizers Degree words
• Classifying words 1. Semantic: What is the general meaning? 2. Morphological: What are characteristic endings? 3. Distribution: Which elements does the word co-occur with?
• Morphology The study of the internal structure of words
• Morpheme Abstract minimal linguistic sign that carries a specific meaning or fulfils a function

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