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Anthro (Subject) / Pollution and Contaminants (Lesson)

Revision of definitions

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  • What are contaminants ? These are hazardous substances. For example, pesticides, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, or persistant organic pollutants. These cause harmful effects to the ecosystem when they end up in the marine environment.
  • What are contaminants ? These are hazardous substances. For example, pesticides, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, or persistant organic pollutants. These cause harmful effects to the ecosystem when they end up in the marine environment.
  • What are hazardous substances ? These are substances or groups of substances.... They are toxic, persistent and liable to bioaccumulation....and other substances that give rise to an equivilant level of concern.
  • What can hazardous substances be? NATURALLY occuring substances..... E.G. metals  UNNATURAL  Or intentionally or unintentionally formed anthropgenic compounds.
  • What can the sources of pollution be? Marine sources- 23% e.g. martitime transport, discharges at sea, offshore exploration. Land based sources - 77% e.g. run-off discharges, atmospheric
  • What are types of emerging pollutants? Endocrine distruptors, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, microplastics, nanoparticles, metals (cd, zn, cu) metal oxydes (cuo) and organics.
  • Describe the polar organic compound integrated sampler It is the exchange of flow kinetics ---> of organic compounds fro the water to the device receiving solid phase. The device is pre-calibrated to environmental factors e.g. water flow rate, temperature, PH, salinity, dissolved m or biofauling. It contains hydrophylic membranes, that are optimised to API absorption. 
  • What is an API? It is a bio active ingrediant in a pharmaceutical drug or pesticide that is biologically active.  Bioactive and chemically complexed, with therapeutic action. API classification: analgesics, anti-depressants, anxiolytics.
  • What are the UV filters, UV stabilisers and fragrances targeted? UV FILTERS OC, EHMC, OD-PABA UV STABILISERS UV musks,----> galaxolide, celestolide musk ketone and cashmeran. 
  • What is Pollution? The introduction by man directly or indirectly of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries)/ This results in delerious effects as harm to living resources, hazard to human health and to marine activities.  Examples, e,g, fishing, impairment to quality of sea water, and reduction amenities. 
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  • What is contamination? The concentration of substances in seawater, sediments or organisms is above the baseline level for the area or for that species. 
  • What are types of contamination ? Accidental ---> oil spill, wastewater treatment Deliberate ---> dumping of nerve gases e.g. WWII
  • What are types of contamination? Point Sources ---> industrial effluents, household pipes. Diffuse Sources --> agriculture, leaching from land. 
  • What causes aquatic contamination? Metals, metalloids, organometallic compounds. Genetic modification nanomaterials organic compounds radiation inorganic compounds --> eutrophication 
  • What are traditional pollutants? Plastic, urban waters, radio nucleotides (CS1 134) hydrocarbons (oil), nutrients, heat. 
  • What are organic compounds? Oil, pesticides, endocrine distruptors, chmeicals, human and vet drugs, personal care, paper, pulp, wate water, Hhalogenated organic compounds.
  • What are the radiations? radio-activity, ultra-violet radiation.
  • What are the effects of contaminants in organisms ? The pollution is uptaken ---> bioaccumulation in the liver and hormnes suffer. Phase 1 ---> Oxidative, reductive proocesses --> P45 enzymes Phase 2----> Conjugation ---> UGT and GST 
  • What is the bio concentration factor? The process by which compounds are accumulated in organisms from the water  BCF = CONCENTRATION IN ORGANISMS/CONCENTRATION IN WATER
  • What is the bio concentration factor? The process by which compounds are accumulated in organisms from the water  BCF = CONCENTRATION IN ORGANISMS/CONCENTRATION IN WATER
  • What is the bioaccumulation factor? It is the ratio between the concentration of the existing chemical compound in the tissue and the outside environment. (water, soil, sedimentor food) BAF = Concentration in tissue/ Concentration in water, sediment, food
  • What is the bioaccumulation factor? It is the ratio between the concentration of the existing chemical compound in the tissue and the outside environment. (water, soil, sedimentor food) BAF = Concentration in tissue/ Concentration in water, sediment, food
  • What is the bioaccumulation factor? It is the ratio between the concentration of the existing chemical compound in the tissue and the outside environment. (water, soil, sedimentor food) BAF = Concentration in tissue/ Concentration in water, sediment, food
  • What is the bioaccumulation factor? It is the ratio between the concentration of the existing chemical compound in the tissue and the outside environment. (water, soil, sedimentor food) BAF = Concentration in tissue/ Concentration in water, sediment, food
  • What is the bioaccumulation factor? It is the ratio between the concentration of the existing chemical compound in the tissue and the outside environment. (water, soil, sedimentor food) BAF = Concentration in tissue/ Concentration in water, sediment, food
  • Depuration The removal of a chemical compound by a body by desorption, diffusion, excretion, digestion or biotransformation.
  • What is half life time? The time required by an organism kept uncontaminated by environement, to eliminate 50% of the total cumulative specific dopant concentration in their tissues.  t1/2= ln0.5/kd
  • What is a lethal toxic dose? LD50 or LC50. It is the amount of a substance which causes the death of 50% (one half) of a group of test animals. 
  • NOEC the no observed adverse effect denotes the level of exposure of an organism found by an experiment or observation at which there is no statistically significant anteration.
  • LOEC Lowest concentration of a substance used to test that has a statistically significant adverse effect on the exposed population of organisms compared with the controls. 
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  • What is the methodology for evaluation of water quality ? Biological indicators Chlorophyll a, phytoplankton, macroalgae, algosperm, inverte fish Physio-chemical indicators transparency, oxygnation, nutrients Specific Pollutants  total hydro carbons, other pollutants 
  • Why are bivalves and fishes used as bioindicators? Due to their capacity to accumulate and concentrate pollutants . They have a wide geographic distribution  They are filter feeders They have low metabolic activity  Significant response to pollutants 

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