Psychologie (Subject) / functional task 1 (Lesson)

There are 56 cards in this lesson

task 1

This lesson was created by yas2210.

Learn lesson

This lesson is not released for learning.

back  |  next 1 / 2

  • anterior/rostral towards nose
  • posterior/caudal towards tail
  • dorsal up
  • ventral down
  • bilateral symmetry right side of brain + spinal cord = mirror image of left side
  • midline invisible line running down the middle of nervous system
  • medial towards the middle
  • lateral towards the side
  • ipsilateral on same side of body
  • contralateral opposite side of body
  • midsagittal plane dissects body in right and left 
  • horizontal plane parallel to ground, splits brain to dorsal and ventral
  • coronal plane anterior and posterior cut
  • the central nervous system parts of ns that are encased in bone: brain + spinal cord
  • the cerebrum contralaterality
  • the cerebellum ipsilaterality
  • spinal cord damage anaesthesia in skin paralysis of muscles caudal to cut
  • spinal cord dorsal root brings information to the spinal cord (zum rücken)
  • spinal cord ventral root carries info away from the spinal cord
  • the peripheral nervous system - somatic pns - visceral pns
  • Somatic PNS spinal nervs that innervate skin, joints, muscles --> voluntary control 
  • visceral PNS involuntary, autonomic nervous system
  • afferent axons bring info into the CNS
  • efferent axons emerge from CNS to innervate muscles and glands
  • the meninges 3 protective membranes, surround the brain  1. dura mater 2. arachnoid membrane       subarachnoid space: filld with cebrospinal fluid 3. pia mater
  • Formation of the neural tube Embryo begins as a flat disk with three distinct layers of cells:Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm 
  • Endoderm internal organs (viscera)
  • Mesoderm bones + muscles
  • ectoderm nervous system neural plate (17 days)    flat sheet of cells groove (neural forlds) forms in plate, runs rostral to caudal = neural tube neural crest
  • anencephaly failure of anterior neural tube to close --> always fatal
  • spina bifida failure of posterior spinal cord to form --> not fatal
  • organisation of the motor system highest level association areas + neocortex strategy --> goal of movement + movement strategy that best achieves goal
  • organisation of the motor system middle level motor cortex + cerebellum tactics --> muscle contractions, arranged in space and time = smoothly and accurately achieve strategic goal
  • organisation of the motor system lowest level brain stem + spinal cord execution --> activation of motor neuron + interneuron pools = generate goal-directed movement, make any necessary adjustments of posture
  • descending spinal tracts lateral pathways = distal muscles   ventromedial pathways = proximal & axial muscles 
  • lateral pathways general info involved in voluntary movement of distal musculature direct cortical control
  • ventromedial pathways general info control of posutre + locomotion under brain stem control 
  • The lateral pathways (names) Corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract
  • lateral pathways CORTICOSPINAL TRACT originates in neocortex (motor cortex + somatosensory areas) thalamus cerebal peduncle  pons forms medullary pyramid  crosses at pyramidal decussation ends in dorsal region of ventral horn  movement of distal muscles!
  • Lateral pathways RUBROSPINAL TRACT originates in red nucleus in midbrain decussate in pons, join cortiocpinal tract lareal column of spinal cord reduced function, most is done by corticospinal tract
  • Lateral pathways LESION slower/ less accurate voluntary movements corticospinal tract: severe movement deficits, several functions gradually reappear rubrospinal tract lesions reverse --> comüensate for corticospinal lesion 
  • ventromedial pathways VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT originates in vestibular nuclei of medulla keeps head balanced on shoulders as body moves
  • ventromedial pathways TECTOSPINAL TRACT originates in superior colliculus (midbrain) --> receives direct input from retina, visual cortex & auditory cortex constructs map of world around us to move our head accordingly
  • ventromedial pathways PONTINE RETICULOSPINAL TRACTS reticular formation (brainstem) enhances the antigravity reflexes to maintain posture
  • ventromedial pathways MEDULLARY RETICULOSPINAL TRACT reticular formation (brainstem) liberates antigravity muscles from reflex control  balance between pontine & medullary reticulospinal tract is necessary for smooth movement)
  • brain areas M1 area 4 --> primary motor cortex somatotopic organization (motor homunculus) input from almost all cortical areas implicated in motor control lowest threshold for elicitation of movement by electrical stimulation large corticospinal neurons
  • brain areas PMA area 6 --> premotor area proximal motor units  planning movement guided by external info ventral premotor cortex (PMv)--> execution + observation of movement  Dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) --> arbitary & spatial cue use
  • brain areas: SMA area 6 --> supplementary motor area  distal motor units plannig movement guided by internal info increases discharge rates immediately before the execution of movement
  • brain areas: S1 1,2,3 somatosensory cortical areas
  • brain areas: AREA 5 posterior parietal cortex gets input from primary somatosensory cortical areas

back  |  next 1 / 2