Psychologie (Subject) / functional task 1 (Lesson)
There are 56 cards in this lesson
task 1
This lesson was created by yas2210.
This lesson is not released for learning.
- anterior/rostral towards nose
- posterior/caudal towards tail
- dorsal up
- ventral down
- bilateral symmetry right side of brain + spinal cord = mirror image of left side
- midline invisible line running down the middle of nervous system
- medial towards the middle
- lateral towards the side
- ipsilateral on same side of body
- contralateral opposite side of body
- midsagittal plane dissects body in right and left
- horizontal plane parallel to ground, splits brain to dorsal and ventral
- coronal plane anterior and posterior cut
- the central nervous system parts of ns that are encased in bone: brain + spinal cord
- the cerebrum contralaterality
- the cerebellum ipsilaterality
-
- spinal cord damage anaesthesia in skin paralysis of muscles caudal to cut
- spinal cord dorsal root brings information to the spinal cord (zum rücken)
- spinal cord ventral root carries info away from the spinal cord
- the peripheral nervous system - somatic pns - visceral pns
- Somatic PNS spinal nervs that innervate skin, joints, muscles --> voluntary control
- visceral PNS involuntary, autonomic nervous system
- afferent axons bring info into the CNS
- efferent axons emerge from CNS to innervate muscles and glands
- the meninges 3 protective membranes, surround the brain 1. dura mater 2. arachnoid membrane subarachnoid space: filld with cebrospinal fluid 3. pia mater
- Formation of the neural tube Embryo begins as a flat disk with three distinct layers of cells:Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm
- Endoderm internal organs (viscera)
- Mesoderm bones + muscles
- ectoderm nervous system neural plate (17 days) flat sheet of cells groove (neural forlds) forms in plate, runs rostral to caudal = neural tube neural crest
- anencephaly failure of anterior neural tube to close --> always fatal
- spina bifida failure of posterior spinal cord to form --> not fatal
- organisation of the motor system highest level association areas + neocortex strategy --> goal of movement + movement strategy that best achieves goal
-
- organisation of the motor system middle level motor cortex + cerebellum tactics --> muscle contractions, arranged in space and time = smoothly and accurately achieve strategic goal
- organisation of the motor system lowest level brain stem + spinal cord execution --> activation of motor neuron + interneuron pools = generate goal-directed movement, make any necessary adjustments of posture
- descending spinal tracts lateral pathways = distal muscles ventromedial pathways = proximal & axial muscles
- lateral pathways general info involved in voluntary movement of distal musculature direct cortical control
- ventromedial pathways general info control of posutre + locomotion under brain stem control
- The lateral pathways (names) Corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract
- lateral pathways CORTICOSPINAL TRACT originates in neocortex (motor cortex + somatosensory areas) thalamus cerebal peduncle pons forms medullary pyramid crosses at pyramidal decussation ends in dorsal region of ventral horn movement of distal muscles!
- Lateral pathways RUBROSPINAL TRACT originates in red nucleus in midbrain decussate in pons, join cortiocpinal tract lareal column of spinal cord reduced function, most is done by corticospinal tract
- Lateral pathways LESION slower/ less accurate voluntary movements corticospinal tract: severe movement deficits, several functions gradually reappear rubrospinal tract lesions reverse --> comüensate for corticospinal lesion
- ventromedial pathways VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT originates in vestibular nuclei of medulla keeps head balanced on shoulders as body moves
- ventromedial pathways TECTOSPINAL TRACT originates in superior colliculus (midbrain) --> receives direct input from retina, visual cortex & auditory cortex constructs map of world around us to move our head accordingly
- ventromedial pathways PONTINE RETICULOSPINAL TRACTS reticular formation (brainstem) enhances the antigravity reflexes to maintain posture
- ventromedial pathways MEDULLARY RETICULOSPINAL TRACT reticular formation (brainstem) liberates antigravity muscles from reflex control balance between pontine & medullary reticulospinal tract is necessary for smooth movement)
- brain areas M1 area 4 --> primary motor cortex somatotopic organization (motor homunculus) input from almost all cortical areas implicated in motor control lowest threshold for elicitation of movement by electrical stimulation large corticospinal neurons
- brain areas PMA area 6 --> premotor area proximal motor units planning movement guided by external info ventral premotor cortex (PMv)--> execution + observation of movement Dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) --> arbitary & spatial cue use
- brain areas: SMA area 6 --> supplementary motor area distal motor units plannig movement guided by internal info increases discharge rates immediately before the execution of movement
- brain areas: S1 1,2,3 somatosensory cortical areas
- brain areas: AREA 5 posterior parietal cortex gets input from primary somatosensory cortical areas
-