Linguistik Seminar (Subject) / Morphology (Lesson)

Klausur

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• Morphology study of internal structures of words and the various processes which allow us to constantly enlarge the vobaculary of language concerened with the ways of creating new words
• Morpheme the smallest meaning-bearing unit of a language
• Types of Morphemes free and bound morpheomes different bound moprhemes-derivational (create new lexemes) --> lexical-inflectional (new word form) --> grammatical Special types of morphemes:-unique (type of bound morpheme, e.g. cranberry, rasberry --> cran- or ras-; do not exist as free morphemes in isolation and are also no affives since the whole word is a compound)-portmanteau (has several meanings; /s/ --> 3rd person, singular, present tense)
• word-forms different grammaclly specified forms of a given lexeme, e.g. bake-baker --> different lexems bake-bakes --> different word forms, one lexeme
• lexeme different new word, semantically based term in which all the different word forms are united
• Morphological analysis -root (all affixes taken away, minimal lexical unit, no further morphological analysis possible) -base (words which serve as a base where other morphemes usually - bound - attach) -stem (denote bases to which bound morphemes carrying grammatical meaning attach)
• Lexical word formation processes word formationinflecional morphologyneologismderivationcompoundingconversion_________________ low productivity morphology:-clipping-back-formation-blending-alphabetism-acronyms-coinage
• Stages of word formation nonce formations:-by individual persons, not heard neither existed before-very frequent in advertisements and press languageinstitutionalization:-used also by other members-inclusion of institutionalized word in dictionary lexicaliziation:-complex word comes to meaning-not compositional anymore
• word formation -new lexemes expanding of vocabulary
• inflectional morphology new word forms
• neologism a newly coinged word or phrase or familiar word used in a new sense --> Neubildung
• derivation new lexemes through prefixation and suffixation
• compounding free morphemes stringing together (modifier + head)-last free morpheme determines word class endocentric-refers to a special case-girlfriend --> special type of friend (A+B=B) exocentric-whole compound denotes a third entity -skinhead (not a head but refers to special type of person)-A+B=C with AB appositional-A+B provide different descriptions for same referent-actor-director, actor-manager  copulative-A+B denotes "the sum" of what A+B denote-bitter-sweet, deaf-mute (A+B=AB)
• conversion -derivation of a new lexeme from an existing one withouth a specific morphological marker indicating the change of a word class and meaning (-zero derivation)-free morpheme develops an additional usage as a member of a different word class, can be used in completely new contexts, gets a new dictionary entry wordclass internal conversion(intransitive verbs used as transitive, e.g. to march - to march the prisioners OR transitive as intransitive, e.g. read - the book reads well)partial conversion(change of word class, not morphological but phonological; e.g. the belief - to believe)
• Blocking --> limits of productivity --> existence of another word: systematic gap (steal - *stealer - thief) phonological-often suffix ends in tongue twister --> friendly --> *friendlily / honig --> *honigig-black - blacken / green - *greenen morphonological-depending on origin of the word (Germanic -dom or Latin -ity)-king -dom not king -ity-create -ity not createdom semantic-preffix -un only attaches to adjectives with positive meaning (*unsad)
• clipping -a polysyllabic lexeme is shortened in a more or less arbitrary fashion-part of word ommited-just one word is involvedprofessor - prof
• Blending -phonetic fragments of two or more words are put together to make a single lexeme -two words are blendedbreakfast + brunch = brunchmotor + hotel = motel
• acronyms -creating a word out of an abbreviation-pronounced like wordAIDS
• Alphabetism -pronounced letter by letter-new term formed from the initial letters of several wordsHIV
• Back-Formation -taking away a derivational suffix, e.g. editor --> edit / babysitter --> babysit -mostly verbs develop out of nouns
• coinage -proper names have developed into a lexeme Nylon,Tesa
• Typology (English) -languages can be classified morphologicallyEnglish: analytic isolating-analytic: poor inflectional system, few word forms for each lexeme, periphrastic constructions, subject-object marking by means of word order (fixed)-isolating: complete loss of inflectional endings, no word forms, usually monomorphemic words, low morpheme-per-word ration --> Chinese, Vietnamese, English
• Typology (synthetic) synthetic: rich inflectional sytsem,many word forms for each lexeme, subject.object marking by mens of inflection, free word order-inflectional: mapping of diffrent kinds of grammatical information on one morph, often mophophonemic alternation (gib-gab), therefore no clear segmentation into morphemes possible --> Latin, Greek, German-agglutinating: 1:1 realitionship between form and function for grammatical morphs, e.g. Japanese, Turkish
• Inflectional Morphology Declension of Nouns: -two boy-s-the boy-s toy Conjugation of Verbs:-he work-s-he work-ed-he is work-ing-he has work-ed Comparison of Adjectives: -stong-er-strong-est

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