Pathology & Physiology (Subject) / Lectures (Lesson)

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• Def. Oedema "Accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces, causing a swelling of the tissue"  --> generalised/localised  --> pitting/non pitting
• Net filtration pressure (NFP) - net pressure in blood vessels determined by the equlibrium between the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure: 1. Arterial end of capillary (10mm net pressure out) - Net HP = 25mm - Net OP = 25mm 2. Venous end of capillary (-8mm net pressure in) - Net HP = 17mm - Net OP = 25mm
• Which changes can cause oedema? 1. Increased hydrostatic pressure because of hyperaemia 2. Decreasd oncotic pressure because of less proteins in blood plasma 3. Increased capillary permeability because of release of histamine in inflammed tissue 4. Lymphatic obstruction
• Def. Diffusion "The passive movement of biomolecules from an area of low to an area of high concentration"
• Def. Osmosis "The movement of a solvent through a membrane imperable to solute along the concentration gradient"
• Molarity/Osmolarity/Equivalents 1. Molarity = number of molecules in solutes in mol/l 2. Osmolarity = number of particles in solution in osmol/l 3. Equivalents = number of charged particles in Eq/l
• Def. RMM The RMM (relative molecular mass) in gramms dissolved in 1l of solvent = 1 molar solution
• Osmolarity/Osmolality 1. Osmolarity is the number of osmotically active particles/l of solvent 2. Osmolality is the number of osmotically active particles/kg of solvent 
• Def. osmotic pressure "The pressure applied to a solution needed to counter the osmotic flow"
• Def. hydrostatic pressure "The pressure exerted by fluid at any given point within the fluid due to the force of gravity"
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• Def. Oncotic pressure "The pressure exerted by proteins within a blood vessel's plasma, tending to pull water into the circulatory system" --> opposing the hydrostatic pressure 
• Def. Tonicity "Tonicity is the effective osmolarity" = "The concentration of particles which have the capacity to exert an osmotic force" --> always relative and referring to cells
• Isotonic/Hypotonic/Hypertonic solution 1. Isotonic = concentration of solutes in a solution equals to inside the cell --> no net movement of solvent  2. Hypotonic = the concentration of solute is lower than inside the cell --> solvent flows into the cell 3. Hypertonic = the concentrationof solute is highter than inside the cell --> sovent flows out of the cell

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