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Anatomy (Subject) / Anatomy II (The skeleton) (Lesson)
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- What does the axial skeleton consist of? Skull vertebral column Thoracic skeleton/rib cage
- In which parts can the skull be divided? facial sceleton cranial skeleton
- Parts of the facial skeleton Mandible Maxilla Zygomatic bone Nasal bone
- Parts of the cranial skeleton sutures (holding together the individual bones of the cranium): frontal bone temporal bone parietal bones occipital bone orbit Mastoid process beneath the temporal bone) foramen magnum (opening in the occipital bone) + occipital condyles
- In wich parts can the vertebral column be divided? Cervical region (C1-7) Thoracic region (T1-12) Lumbar region (L1-5) Sacral region/Sacrum (S1) Coccygeal region/Coccyx (S2)
- Abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column Scolioses - abnormal lateral curvature Kyphosis - anbormal antero-posterior curvature
- In which parts can the vertebrae be divided? Body (anteriorly) Vertebral arch (posteriorly) --> enclose a space called vertebral foramen/spinal canal (occupied by the spinal cord)
- What does the vertebral arch consist of? pedicles - bottom side of the arch laminae - complete the arch posteriorly spinous process - posterior tip of the arch intervertebral foramina - formed by notches of the pedicles' borders -->.spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord) transverse process - lateral on both sides from the junction of pedicle and lamina Superior and inferior articulating surface - project superiorly and inferiorly from the junction of pedicle and lamina
- What does the body (vertebra) consist of? body (intervertebral discs - articulatd with adjacent vertebral bodies)
- Cervical vertebrae - C1 and C2 C1 (atlas): holds the head upright C2 (axis): allows wide motions of the head
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- Sacral vertebrae/sacrum (S1) fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae posterior surface formed by flattened, shortened spinous processes, laminae and transverse processes laterally roughened surface for articulation with each hip bone at the sacroiliac joint
- Movements of the vertebral column Flexion and extension - forth and back Lateral flexion - right and left Rotation - vertical axis
- In which parts can the thoracic skeleton/cage be divided? Thoracic vertebrae (T1-12) ribs (costae) costal cartilages + costal margin (united 7th-9th cartilages) sternum ( --> enclosing the thoracic cavity (heart, trachea, lungs, oesophagus)
- In which parts can the sternum be divided? manubrium (upper part) body (large part) xiphoid process --> cartilage sternal angle --> cartilaginous joint between the manubrium and the body (manubriosternal joint)