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Bio & Food Chemistry (Subject) / BC (Lesson)

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• What is Biochemistry? Research of chemical porcesses in organisms
• Give the general sum formular for monosaccharides (CH20)*n
• How are carbohydrates classified based on their chain lenght? Give an example for each category. n=1 monosaccharide (D-Ribose) n=2 disaccharide (Sucrose) n: 3-20 oligosaccharide (Maltodextrin) n: 20+ polysaccharide (cellulose)
• Which two classes can monosaccharides be assigned to based on their funtional group? Aldoses (Aldehyde group) Ketoses (Keto group)
• How do L and D sugars differ? L and D classification is based on which side or the carbon chain the last OH group is located. OH on left side: L sugar OH on right side: D sugar
• Draw D-Glucose (Fisher Projection) Help: 6 C Sugar Aldehyde - DLDD - CH2OH
• Draw D Ribose (Fisher projection) Help: 5 C sugar Aldehyde - DDD - CH2OH
• Draw D Fructose (Fischer Projection) Help: 6 Carbon Sugar CH2OH - Ketogroup (Carbonylgroup) - LDD -CH2OH
• Which steps lead to ring formation and anomerization in carbohydrates? (4) 1) Deprototnation of last OH group 2) Nucleophilic attack of C1 by O (possible due to local positive charge on C1//double bond broken to single 3) Protonation of O on aldehyde group -> OH-group formed 4) New OH group can point upwards or downwards (Up -> beta // down-> alpha)
• How to convert a fischer projection into haworth projection? 1) How many C's in ring? (5/6) 2) L or D sugar? (only if more C than bound in ring) L: CH2OH -> down D: CH2OH -> up 3) alpha or beta anomer? alpha: anomeric OH down beta: anomeric OH up 4) fill in rest of OH Downright, uplifting
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• Draw alpha-D-Glucopyranose läuft bei dir?
• draw beta-D-Glucopyranose war easy, oder?
• Draw alpha-L-ribofuranose der Boi am pushen <3
• Draw beta-D-Ribopyranose geiler Typ!
• How many C atoms are in the ring of a furanose? 4 Carbon Atoms plus one Oxygen
• How many C atoms are in the ring of a pyranose? 5 C atoms plus one O
• Which two funtions can polysaccharides be used for? Give two examples for each Storage Carbohydrates: Starch (Amylose), Glycogen Structural Carbohydrates: Cellulose, Chitin
• How are the starches Amylose and Amylopectin linked and what Monosaccharide is used? Amylose: α(1->4) linkage of Glucose Amylopactin: α(1->4) linkage of Glucose with α(1->6) linked branches
• How is Glycogen linked and what Monosaccharide is used Glycogen: α(1->4) linked Glucose with α(1->6) linked branches 
• How is Cellulose linked and what Monosaccharide is used? Cellulose: β(1->4) linked glucose
• How is Chitin linked and which monosaccharides are used? Chitin: β(1->4) linked N-acetylglucosamin 
• What do both nudleosides and nucleotides consist of? Wat is the difference? Nucleosides contain a Nuleic Base and a Sugar (Ribose / Deoxyribose) Nuleotides caintain a Nuleic Base and a Sugar (Ribose / Deoxyribose) and a phosphate group
• How is DNA converted into a Protein? Name and describe the steps 1) Trancription of DNA to mRNA Starting at the promoter gene the RNA-Polymerase proceeds in 3'-5' direction to match the nuleobases found on the DNA stand to the corresponding nucleobases on the mRNA stand until the terminator gene is reached. mRNA is synthesized in 5'->3' direction. 2) Post transcriptional modification 3) Translation of mRNA into peptide sequence The ribisome proceeds in 5'-3' direction to match each codon consisting of three nuleobases with the tRNA posessing the corresponding anticodon. The tRNA carries the aminoacid, specific to the codon, to be added to the peptide chain.
• Draw Ribose (beta-D-Ribofuranose) 4 C Ring + O β -> OH Upwards 3' + 4' OH Downwards D -> CH2OH Upwards
• Draw 2-Deoxy-beta-D-Ribofuranose 4 C Ring + O β -> OH Upwards 2-Deoxy -> no OH on C2 OH on C Downwards D -> CH2OH upwards
• Draw Uracil 6 Atom Ring (Pyrimidine) NH Ketone NH Ketone Double Bond on right side
• Draw Thymine 6 Atom Ring NH Ketone NH Ketone Methyl Double Bond
• Draw Cytosine 6 Atom Ring NH - Ketone - N = NH2 - = -
• Draw Adenine 6 Atom Ring N = - HN = NH2 - 5 Atom Ring Start = 5 AR End - 5 Atom Ring - N = - N -
• Draw Guanine 6 Atom  Ring N = NH2 - HN = Ketogroup - 5 Atom Ring Start = End - 5 Atom Ring - N = - N -
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• How are Nuleotides linked Nucleotides are linked by 3'->5' Phohodiester linkage
• Name and describe the step of DNA replication 1) Initiation DNA is locally unwould and the replcation protein complex is assebled 2) Elongation The DNA is semiconservatively replicated in 5' -> 3' direction as the protein complex catalyzing the incorporation of nucleotides moves along the DNA strand in 3'->5'  direction 3) Termination Disassembly of protein complex and seperation of daughter molecule
• Draw Phenylalanine (Hydrophobic + Aromatic Aminoacid) AA Head CH2 6 C Aromatic Ring
• Draw Aspartate (Acidic/negatively charged AA) AA Head CH2 COO-
• Draw Lysine (Acidic/positively charged) AA Head (CH2)4 NH3+
• Draw Cysteine (polar-uncharged + S containing) AA Head CH2 SH
• Draw Alanine (nonpoar-uncharged) AA Head CH3
• What is the primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure of proteins? Primary Structure - Aminoacid sequence Secondary Structure: (domains)      α-helix (right or lefthanded)      β-pleated sheet Tertiary Structure: 3D arrangement of domains Quarternary Structure: number and arrangement of multiple AA chains or cofactors -> protein complex
• Which are the three properties of the genetic code (as pretaining to translation into Aminoacids)? 1) Each codon of three bases is encoding one aminoacid 2) The codon are not overlapping 3) One Aminoacid can be encoded by more than one codon -> degenrated code
• What is an enzyme? What do they do? An enzyme is a protein whichcatalyzed a specific biochemical reaction.
• How do enzymes work? Give general formula The specific substrate(s) attaches to the active site of the enzyme, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. In an equilibrium reaction this complex decomposes to yield the unchanged enzyme and the product(s). An enzyme can also couple two reactions together, using the energy gained from one reaction to catalyze the other. E + S <-> ES -> E + P
• Name the six types of enzymes and what type of reaction they catalyze 1) Oxidoreductase -> Redox Reaction 2) Transferase -> group transfer reactions 3) Hydrolase -> hydrolysis 4) Lyase (lysis) -> Splitting of a molecule (creates a double bond) 5) Isomerase -> Structural change in substrate 6) Ligase -> ligation/joining of two molecules
• What does the speed enzymatic reaction depend on? Give the equasion for Michaelis-Menten Kinetic. Until Vmax the reaction rate of enzymatic reactions depends on the concetration of substrate, as the formation of the substrate-enzyme complex is determined by the concentrations is determined by both the concetrations of the enzyme and the substrate. The enzyme concetration is generally considered to be constant however, only defining Vmax. The second part of the reaction, the reaction of ES to EP and the decomposition into the enzyme and the product is specific to the enzyme at given temperature and pH. Thus [S] is the defining factor for enzymatic reactions. Michaelis Menten-Equasion: Vo=(Vmax*[S])/(Km*[S]) Km=[S] where Vo=Vmax/2
• What is metabolism and which are the two basic processes? Metabolism is the whole network of biochemical reactions carried out by an organism. 1) Anabolic reactions -> synthesis of compounds Anabolic - Aufbauen 2) Catabolic reactions -> degradatoin of compounds Cat - Cut
• How can enzymes be inhbited? An inhibitor bind to tha allosteric site, changing the 3D structure. The changed 3D structure mean that the substrate can no longer bind to the enzyme.

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