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Plant plasticity and adaptation (Subject) / 1 (Lesson)

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• Acclimation Increased tolerance to stress or improved plant performandce as a result of structural and physiological adjustment by individual plants to specific environmental conditions
• Aerenchyma Tissue with large air spaces that facilitate gas transport in plants
• Blue light receptors Cryptochrome Phototropins
• Casparian strip Waxy suberin impregnation on the wall of endodermis and exodermis, which makes it impenatrable to water
• C3 Photosynthesis Pathway in which the first step of co2 carboxylation of rubilose bis phosphate by RuBisCo, with the first product being the C3 PGA intermediate
• C4 photosynthesis Pathway in which first step of carboxylation is PEP by Pep carboxylase, the first product is OAA. a C4
• Cytokinins Delay of senescence Releases dormancy in the buds Chloroplast differentiation
• Dessication tolerance Tolerance of extreme water stress with recovery of normal rates of metabolism after re-hydration
• Dormancy State of seeds or buds that fail to grow under favourable conditions for germination
• Thykaloid Photosynthetic membrane suspended in stroma of chloroplast, it encloses the photosynthetic pigments, electron transport chain and components of photosynthesis.
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• Symbiosome Membrane surrounded space containing one or more rhizobia in an infected cell of a root nodule
• Indeterminate Root nodule Meristematatic zone Invasion zone N-fixing zone Senescence zone Primary nodule Vascular tissue
• Stroma Matrix in the chloroplast where calvin cycle enzymes sit and in which the thylakoid membrane sits
• Rhizobia Bacteria that fix N2 in symbiosis with legumes
• Quantum yield moles of Co2 fixed or O2 evolved in photosynthesis, or electrons transported in the photosynthetic membrane, per molecule of quanta absorbed; in gas exchange often restricted to linear part of the photosynthesis/irradience curve
• Plasticity the ability of an organism to adjust, depending on the external environment
• Pneumatophore Specialised portion of the root that emerges from water-logged soils, used for gas exchange
• Phototropism Growth of plant organs in response to the directional component of light perceived by blue-light receptors, namely phototropin
• Photomorphogenisis Plant development affected by light, under control of photoreceptors
• Photoinhibition Decline in photosynthetic efficiency upon exposure to high irradience, the decline can be transient, or longer = photodamage
• Phenotypic-plasticity Range of variation of a trait in a genotype as a result of growth in constrating environmental conditions
• Hyponasty Upward bending of a plant organ
• Hypoxia low oxygen concentration in plants environment
• Hydrophyte Plants that grows partly or whollly under water, with stomata at adaxia leaf side
• Hygrophyte species typically occurring on permanently moist sites
• Grana Stacked regions of photosynthetic membranes that contain light harvesting complex and PSII
• Halophyte species that typically grows on saline soils
• Exodermis Outer cortical cell layer in roots, immediately below epidemis, cells are surrounded by suberin, stopping apoplastic transport
• Expansin Cell-wall enzyme involved in the cell expansion
• Epiphyte plant living on another plant as support
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• Ethylene Gaseous plant hormone, which is signalling compound when roots are exposed to hypoxia, such as aerenchyma formation and petiol extension
• Facultative CAM plants plants that photosynthesise by CAM metabolism (Night-day) during dry periods and C3 oder C4 in the rest of time

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