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Olfactory (Subject) / Cortex (Lesson)
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- Three different test types of sniffing sticks? - Odor discrimination - Odor detection threshold - Odor identification (name odorant)
- Name the available olfactory tests? - Smell identification test (UPSIT) - Conneticut chemosensory clinical research center olfactory test (CCCRC) - Sniffing sticks
- Whats the difference between odorant and odor - Odorant: molecules – bind on an odorant receptor - Odors – what we know about them – cinnamon, apple – volatile molecules, concentrations, interactions
- Which one is not involved of the primary olfactory system: piriform cortex, olfactory tubercule, Amygdala, Enthorhinal cortex, Fornix Fornix
- What are the causes of smell loss? - Infection, trauma, age, congenital, neurodegenerative
- What are humen body odorprints? - Odorprints are genetically inherent, individual specific odor patterns in human beeings
- Which s largest and primary olfactory cortex in human and animals? - Piriform cortex
- What is the nasal primery (?) function in olfaction? - filtering and warming the air
- With what regions is olfactory tuberculy connected? - Arousal-sensory-reward system
- What glance is involved Apocrine glances
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- Brian loves onions but they cause him pain – why? - Trigeminal nerve involved
- How do we get Odorprints - Inherited
- Name 5 sensory systems - Visual system - Somatosensory system - Auditory system - Vestibular system - Trigeminal system - Gustatory system - Olfactory system
- What is an olfactometer? - A computer controlled machine that delivers odors into the nostrils –acurate, on time
- What are Receptors? - A structure on the surface on the cell - bind with specific molecules, receivs and binds to specific substances
- Name functions of olfaction? - Safety - Nutrition - Memory - Behaviour and social interactions - Hedonic rewards
- Whats the difference between odorant and odor - Odorant: chemical molecules - Odors – impression of the brain – cinnamon, apple – volatile molecules, concentrations, interactions Example: Natural odors are complex mixtures of odorants
- Olfactory starts with a sniff - Olfactory epithelium -> Olfactory tract -> Olfactory bulb -> Olfactory receptor cells - Receptors are located in the cilia of the Olfactory Receptors Neurons
- How does the smell, sent odor travel through the brain? - Olfactory tract -> Olfactory bulb -> Olfactory nerve -> Olfactory receptors - Olfactory bulb targets: piriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, entorhinal cortex PCOTAEC - Orbitofronatl cortex, thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampal formation
- Primary olfactory cortex? - Piriform cortex with olfactory tubercule, amygdala and entorhinal cortex
- What is the piriform cortex? interconnections with amygdala, entorhinal cortex & orbitofrontal cortex “the largest and most primary olfactory cortical area - shapes odor represetations with relevance for perception and behaviour
- What is the olfactory tubercule interconnected with - sensory arousal and reward centers,
- What is the Amygdala and odors? - processing of the emotional tone of the olfactory stimuli
- What ist the entorhinal cortex? - main interface between the hippocampus and the secondary olfactory cortices. - It plays a role in odor memory
- What are the secondary olfactory cortices: - Orbitofrontal cortex, hypothalamus, hippocampus, thalamus
- Name the three aspects of psychophysical testing? - Odor discrimination: difference between odor ->DDTI - Odor detection threshold - Odor identification: identify or name odorant
- How is it called when you cant smell, cant smell good, or can smell normal - Anosmia - Hyposmia - Normosmia
- What are the available olfactory tests - UPSIT – smell identification test – to scrub - CCCRC conneticut, chemosensory clinical research center olfactory test - Sniffing Sticks
- What is an Olfactometer? - It is a computer-controlled-machine that delivers odors into the nostrils with accurate odour onset and a steep odor rise-time
- What do the apocrine glance? - They excrete complex juice which is unique to humans
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- Whats important about collecting chemosignals? - Restrictions on Body Odor Donors
- What is Dysosmia? And what differences are there - smell loss o quantitative illness: Hyposmia; Anosmia (partial/total/functional) o Qualitative illness: Parosmia; Phantosmia
- Smell loss why what are thte causes? - Infection - Trauma - Age - Congential - Neurodegenerative
- Helps smell training? - Yes, we can train the system - Maybe we can do something with bacteria in the future too..
- How can we measure smell loss? - FMRT
- Which is the most difficult among the three subjects of a sniffing stick test - threshold - less strong