19

Bio & Food Chemistry (Subject) / OC (Lesson)

Organic Chemistry

This lesson was created by DrOetti.

Learn lesson

back  |  next 1 / 1

Advertisement
  • Which types of bonds are found in single, double and triple bonds? Single: σ-bond (sp3 hybrdized) Double: σ-bond (sp2 hybridized) and π-bond (p orbital) Triple: σ-bond (sp-hybridized) and two π-bonds (p orbitals)
  • Which similarities and differences are found between aldehdes and ketones? Similar: both contain O double-bound to C Difference: Aldehyde is at the end of C chain and Ketone is within the C chain
  • Which two substituents are bound to C in a carboxylic acid? O (double bound) OH
  • What do both amides and amines contain? How do they differ? Draw both Nitrogen N Amide contains a double bound O on N bearing C
  • What classifies an ether? O ind C Chain C-O-C
  • What could an ester be conidered a conbination of? Draf functional group of esters Ester = Ketone+Ether   O    || - C - O - C -
  • Define aliphatic compounds non-aromatic hydrocarbons
  • Which are the steps in an Sr Reaction and how could they be described? Give total reaction formula. 1) Initiation of chain (CL2 -> 2 CL•) The bond between two Cl or Br molecules is symmetrically split to give two readicals.  2) Chain propagation (CL•+CH4 -> HCL+CH3• // CH3•+CL2 -> CH3CL+CL•) A radical and a non-radical of the halogene and the alkane reach with each other to give a radical of the other. 3) Chain termination (eg. 2 CL• -> CL2) Two radicals form a bond, eliminating both as radicals. Raction Formula: Cl2 + CH4 -hv-> Cl2 + CH3Cl + H3C-CH3
  • Draw the reaction coordinate diagram for SN1 and SN2 Reaactions. 1 nicer pusher
  • Draw the mechanism and the reaction coordinate diagram of an SN2 reaction. Nucleophile performs a backside attack onto a C possesing a local neg charge. Transition state with both the attacker and the leaving group  bound to C with a ..... bond (≠) Non-exchanged substituents flip over, Covalent bond is formed and leaving group relaesed. Diagram: one hill, top is transition state.
  • Advertisement
  • Draw the mechanism of a SN1 reaction and the reaction coordinate diagram. Equilibrium reaction: (1) loss of leaving group, gives positively charged carbcation (trigonal planar) (2) Nucleophile bound onto the central C If needed: stabilization by deprotonation -> Final Reaction Coordinate Diagram: Hill 1 ≠, Dip1 (1), Hill 2 ≠ (slightly lower), Dip 2 (2) (super low), Hill 3 ≠ (small bump), Final
  • What happens to the R/S configuration of the compund in SN1 and 2 reactions? SN1: Mixture between R/S is generated SN2: Configuration becomes inverted (if both nucleophile and leaving group are highest priority)
  • When is an SN1 reaction pathway most likely? SN1 likely: -large substrate (steric hindrence make backside attack hard) -neutral nucelophile -polar solvent (H2O, alcohol -> dipole-dipole interactions)
  • When is an SN2 reaction pathway most likely? SN2 likely: - small substrate (low steric hindrence) - charged nucleophile - nonpolar solvent (acetone)
  • Decribe and draw the mechasim of an E2 reaction. A Lewis Base (Nuleophile) gives a pair of elctrons to a H. The electrons binding the H to the C are transfered to the C-C bond and the electrons of the C-X bond are tranfered to the X allowing it to leave. The Nucleohile binds to the H and a C=C is created.
  • Describe and draw the mechanism of an E1 reaction The first and rate determinimg step is the loss of the elaving group (X-). This generates a carbocation. In the second step one of the H on a neighbouring C atom is attacked by a Lewis base, binding to the H and forming a C=C.
  • Decribe the mechanism of an electrophilic addition (Ae) The electrons of a double bond are attacked by the H+ portion of HX. A C-H bond is formed leaving the other C with a positive charge. This C is subsequently attacked by the X- portion, forming a covalent bond.
  • How are ether substituents named? name of shortest chain+oxyName of longest chain Metane -> Methoxy Ethane -> Ethoxy
  • Draw and describe the reaction mechanism of a fisher easterfication. In a Fischer Esterfication a caboxylic acid react with an alcohol and a mineral acid to give a an ester. First the mineral acid protonates the carboxy group, allowing the alcohol group to perform a nucleophillic attack onto the C. The attacking OH group carries a positive charge which it loses by being deprotonated.  Subsequently one of the OH groups is protonated and lost as water by the electrons of the O from the other OH group kicking down to the C forming a double bond. This leaves the O double bound O with a positive charge which is lost by deprotnoation of the O resulting in the final ester product.

back  |  next 1 / 1