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BIO430 (Fach) / Practicals (Lektion)
- Propidium Iodide - stains dead cells by intercalating between the DNA bases - membrane imermeant - cannot enter viable or early apoptotic cells - stains late apoptotic and necrotic cells
- Annexin-V - binds to phosphatidylserine that is exposed on the outer plasma membrane of apoptotic cells - binding requires Ca2+ ions - found in early and late stages of apoptotic cell death- found in necrotic cells late apoptitic cells will stain positive for both Annexin V and PI --> They cannot be distinguished from necrotic cells, which are also Annexin V+/PI+ without a time course experiment
- Caspases Initiator caspases:- caspase 8- caspase 9- caspase 10 Effector caspases:- caspase 3- caspase 7--> "point of no return"
- AIM-V Medium for the proliferation of T cells - used in TB-Spot (Interferon-γ release assay)
- TCR transgenic mice In TCR transgene-expressing mice almost all thymocytes express the transgenic TCR due to ALLELIC EXCLUSION.
- Positive and negative selection Positive selection:- T cells recognise antigens only in the context of self MHC - MHC restriction is learnt in the thymus by positive selection - MHC restriction determines the co-receptor Negative selection:- deletion of self-reactive cells = central tolerance- mTECs display self antigens to developing T cells - Self-reactive T cells to die via apoptosis
- Peripheral tolerance - requirement for co-stimulation - induction of anergy - regulatory T cells
- TGFβ - mediates cancer-associated immune inhibition - promotes stemness in gliomas - root of tumor heterogeneity - induces Sox4 --> regulates Sox2
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