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Sozialpsychologie (Fach) / Intergroup Conflicts (Lektion)
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- Social conflict refers to ... (Baros, 2004; Kriesberg, 2012) ... incompatible action tendencies (expectations, interests, goals) betweenat least two actors (persons, groups, institutions), with the incompatibility perceived as such by the conflicting parties
- Social conflict (Smith & Mackie, 2000, p. 504). "a perceived incompatibility of goalsbetween two or more parties"
- Conflict can be defined as .... (Bonacker& Imbusch, 1999, S. 75). ...social facts incorporating at least two parties (single persons, groups, states, etc.) that go back to differences in social living conditionsand/or to differences in the conflict parties‘ interests
- Objects of conflict are... (Bonacker& Imbusch, 2004) Incompatible action tendencies with regard to Possession of goods (allocation conflicts) Positions, posts (power conflicts) Symbolic capital (identity or recognition conflicts) Assessment of risk and danger (risk conflicts) Validity of norms (legal conflicts)
- Types of Conflict (Wagner 2005) manifest - latent basedon vertical - horizontal stratification material (realistic) - Identity-related (symbolic) divisible (tangible) - indivisible (intangible) constructive - destructive
- Intractable Conflicts (Bar-Tal, 2012) are protracted, persistent involve (physical) violence are perceived as irresolvable demand extensive (material and psychological) investment are total and existential are perceived as being of zero-sum nature are central, salient
- What Is “Violence”? "Social psychologists use the term violence to refer to aggression that has extreme physical harm, such as injury or death, as its goal” (Stangor, 2014) "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopmentor deprivation" (WHO 2002)
- Definition of violence by Galtung 1969 Violence “is present when human beings are being influenced so that their actual somatic and mental realizations are below their potential realizations” Personal (episodic) violence Structural violence Cultural violence (Galtung, 1990)
- Personal (Episodic) Violence Harms or kills directly and fast Is apparent, directly observable Is often dramatic Is acute and episodic -> change, dynamics Intentionality can be determined -> morality
- Structural Violence Harms or kills indirectly and slowly Is not apparent, not directly observable Is „commonplace“ Is chronic and continuous -> stability Intentionality can hardly be determined
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- Cultural Violence (Galtung, 1990) Any aspect of culture (symbolic processes, shared, cultural narratives) used to justify and legitimize use of direct violence inequitable power relations in political and economic systems, i.e. hierarchical social arrangements (structural violence) Highly resistant to change Makes direct and structural violence look, even feel, right –or at least not wrong
- What Is “Peace”? Meanings of “peace” Freedom from, or cessation of, war or hostilities; that condition of a nation or community in which it is not at war with another ... Freedom from civil commotion, individual perturbation, dissention between individuals, mental or spiritual disturbance, noise, movement, or activity (Oxford Unabridged English Dictionary) Pax = a pact (to end or avert hostilities), settlement Shalom, salaam = whole, undivided Frieden = calmness, protection, security Sanskrit (3 words): absence of war; spiritual/inner peace; mental peace/calmness Chinese: harmony + equality/balance “‘Peace’ can be regarded as ‘absence of violence’” and “violence is present when human beings are being influenced so that their actual somatic and mental realizations are below their potential realizations.” (Galtung, 1969)
- Six Peace Tasks (Galtung, 2012) Eliminate direct violence that causes suffering Eliminate the structures that cause suffering (e.g., through economic inequality) Eliminate cultural themes that justify direct or structural violence Build direct peace: cooperative exchange of goods Build cooperation and sustainability into the structure Build a culture of peace, confirming and stimulation an equitable economy and an equal polity
- What Is “Peace”? “There can be no genuine peace when the most elementary human rights are violated, or while situations of injustice continue to exist; conversely, human rights for all cannot take root and achieve full growth while latent or open conflicts are rife. [. . .] peoples to self-determination. Disregard for the rights of individuals and peoples, the persistence of inequitable international economic structures, interference in the internal affairs of other states, foreign occupation and apartheid are always real or potential sources of armed conflict and international crisis. The only lasting peace is a just peace based on respect for human rights” (UNESCO, 1983, pp. 259, 261).
- Definitions of “Peace” “Peace is a condition in which individuals, families, groups, communities, and/or nations experience low levels of violence and engage in mutually harmonious relationships.” (Anderson, 2004)
- What are the Three Phases of an Episode of Violence? Non-violent Intergroup Conflict ↑ ↓ Post Violence ←--------- Organized Intergroup Violence
- Name Peace Activities. Peacekeeping Response to an acute situation Typically involving the containment or de-escalation of violence and the enforced separation of would-be combatants. PeacemakingArriving at settlements or agreements within a conflict situation Peacebuilding More proactive attempt aimed at healing a post-conflict society and reducing structural violence Preventing conflict and violence from erupting in the future Peace cultivation or nurturance
- How can micro-level interventions affect societal-level conflict dynamics? Ditlmann, Samii, & Zeitzoff (2017) Conflict dynamics and societal conflict escalation potential Macro moderators: polit. institutions group endowments and status asymmetries ↓ Peacebuilding behaviors ingroup policing public advocacypolitical action Micro moderators: pre-existing outgroup evaluations pre-existing personal resources Micro-level intervention Appraisals