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Englisch (Fach) / Steop (Lektion)
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- Morphology - What is it ? The study of shapes and structures of a word
- Morpheme - Definition The smallest meaningful unit in a language
- How can we distinguish morphemes (Types) We are able to distinguish between: Polymorphemic: Words with more than one morpheme (re visit ed - revisited) Monomorphemic: Words with only one morpheme (cat)
- Describe morphemes according to 3 points: Autonomy Function/Meaning Position
- Autonomy (Morpheme) Can the morpheme stand alone? Free morphemes (lexeme): Yes Can appear on their own, without any other morphemes attached to them Dog, house, fear Bound morpheme (affix): No Can only appear in combination with other morphemes "-ful" (beautiful) "re-" (revisit)
- Function/ Meaning (Morphemes) Is the morpheme lexical or grammatical? If it is lexical: If free morpheme: content word If bound morpheme: derivational morpheme Establish relation between the word and the world Noun, adjective, verb, negation... Open classes: new words can be created quite easily If it is grammatical: If free morpheme: function word if bound morpheme: inflectional morpheme establish relation between other parts of the sentence article, preposition, plural, tense Closed classes: new words cannot be created as easily or spontaneously
- Open classes Noun, Verb, Adjectives, Adverbs
- Closed classes Prepostions, Articles, Subordinators/ Coordinators, Pronouns, Auxiliary verbs
- Position (Morphemes) !!Bound morpheme only!! Does it come at the beginning or at the end of the word ? Prefix: Beginning/ 1. Must be a lexical morpheme (re visit, pre view, under estimate) Suffix: End/ 1. Can be a lexical or a grammatical morpheme (work ed, hour s, own er, great ness)
- Unique Morphemes are also called cranberry morphemes. special type of bound morpheme that do not have a meaning nor a grammatical function, but still distinguish one word from the other. cran berry, cob web, twi light These morphemes no longer have a meaning of their own, but can be traced back
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- Inflection If the affix (bound morpheme) expresses grammatical information or categories, this is called inflection. they never change the word class (nouns stay nouns, verbs stay verbs) They have a stable form-meaning relatiionship the attach to all possible bases Inflection can only be suffixes in English (or in word initial changes) English used to have far more inflections than nowadays but now, very minimal inflections --> fixes word order necessary!
- English has become more analytic Analytics: Uses auxiliary verbs and prepositions to complete meaning Synthetic: The meaning is contained within the word itself Compare: we did vs. we have done
- Derivation If the affix creates a new lexeme (so the word itself changes), it is called derivation. Can change word class, but doesn´t have to Variable form meaning relation affixes attach to a subset of possible bases affixes can either appear as prefixes or suffixes
- Allomorphy Moprhemes: The smallest meaningful unit Morph: an actual/ meaningful sound/ element Allomorph: Morphs which correspond to a specific morpheme
- Another example of allomorphy Indefinite article A bag, a cake, a mouse An apple, an hour, an elephant a bottle [ei]
- Conditioning What types of conditioning are there? What determines which allomorph we produce ? Phonological conditioning --> depends on the neighbouring sounds Lexical conditioning --> depends on the word as a whole morphological conditioning --> depends on the attached morpheme
- Phonological conditioning If it is phonological conditioned, the shape of the allomorphe depends on the neighbouring sounds(s) for example, indefinite article: a before consonant sounds, and an before vowel sounds [s] after voiceless consonants, [z] after voiced consonants and vowels, an [Iz] after siblilant consonants.
- Lexical conditioning If it is lexical conditioned, the shape of the allomorph depends on the word as a whole For example, irregular plural Child -> Children, Tooth -> Teeth, Sheep -> Sheep Because certain words require different realisations of the plural.
- Morphological conditioned If it is moprhological conditioned, the shape of the allomorph depends on the morpheme which precedes or follows. for example, derivation: divide -> division (the base "divide" is realized differently when a certain morpheme is attached to it)