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ENVI524 (Fach) / Previous Exams (Lektion)
Diese Lektion wurde von Alixobert erstellt.
Diese Lektion ist leider nicht zum lernen freigegeben.
- Uneconomic Growth (Daly) continuing growth in market economic activity (GDP) can reduce well-being rather than increasing it occurs when increases in production come at an expense in resources and well-being that is worth more than the items made GIP has stagnated/decreased since the late 70s rising income inequality is associated with greater social tension and makes building social capital more difficult inequality has no benefits for economic growth, leads to more social and health problems, division, puts good policy at risk powerful lobby firms, undermines collective endeavours like envi protection, less regard among rich for interests of the future
- Consumer surplus Consumer surplus is derived whenever the price a consumer actually pays is less than they are prepared to pay. A demand curve indicates what price consumers are prepared to pay
- Producer Surplus Producer surplus is the additional private benefit to producers, in terms of profit, gained when the price they receive in the market is more than the minimum they would be prepared to supply for. In other words they received a reward that more than covers theircosts of production. The producer surplus derived by all firms in the market is the area from the supply curve to the price line
- Economic Welfare Economic welfare is the total benefit available to society from an economic transaction or situation. Economic welfare is also called community surplus=consumer surplus+producer surplus
- Economic rent economic rent is any payment made (including imputed value) or benefit received for non-produced inputs such as location (land) In neoclassical economics, economic rent also includes income gained by beneficiaries of other contrived exclusivity, such as labor guilds and unofficial corruption. e.g. fertile land becoming worth more due to scarcity e.g. Barnes commons sector, beneficiaries
- Public and common goods common pool non-excludable and rival freerider problem tragedy of the commons Barnes: enlarging commons sector public goods non-excludable and non-rival freerider problem underprovided in a market, no incentive as prize is zero (e.g. clean air, but pollution is overprovided) institutions are formed to deliver public goods
- Economic Values Instrumental direct use value: commercial, e.g. irrigation and electricity indirect use value: indirect benefits, e.g. swimming, health, cultural use Intrinsic Value option value: retaining option tu use, e.g. to visit park existence value: knowing that resource is being well-managed other: bequest value, e.g. preserving for future generations Policy increasingly less tangible, less in markets, governance task valuation: supply and demand, WTP, WTA discounting, quantification
- Coevolutionary ecological economic A variant of ecological economics Builds on evolutionary [economics] insights (e.g. Nelson, 1995) Evolution: process of selective retention of renewable variation Coevolution: interaction of systems in which at least one system is evolving John Gowdy, Richard Norgaard, Giorgos Kallis values, organisation, technology, environment, knowledge e.g. urban systems:- outcomes (well-being, climate change)- institutions, business strategies- natural systems- infrastructure- technologies
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