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Developing World (Fach) / Africa (Lektion)

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• primitive accumulation relationship between capitalism and colonialism: the taking of land in order to accumulate capital through labor and ressources plunder and exploitation across latin america, populations were either enslaved/killed/integrated into the colonial empire indigenous peoples ability to live their own life and have their own means of production is taken away continuing today - indigenous people and mining
• pre-capitalist/pre-colonial societies in africa Ancient Egypt: 3000 - 2100 BC (sophisticated civilization existed long before the europeans came) Early Iron age: dated from 3rd century BC onwards relatively developed state formation
• empires in africa ghana empire malian empire songhai empire university of sangkore (one of the oldest universities in timbuktu, mali spread of islam/knowledge/philosophy a civilisation as well as a religion bringing education and literacy
• slavery a form of forced labour. generally obtained by physical force. bought and sold as commodities and become the owners property, subject to his will. this wasnt exclusive to the transatlantic slave trade.
• forms of forced labour (3) slavery tribute labour (labour services or payments in kind) indentured labour (people contract themselves to work for an agreed number of years to a particular employer)
• capitalism and colonialism triangle                    commodity labour                              resources basic of capitalism: someone to make it and something to make it with colonisation as a means to extract labour and resources as well as a market to sell the goods back into - destroying the domestic market places (everything made in england)
• other labour forms semi-proletarianization: people who have inadequate access to means of production or have been disposed of them are therefore forced to provide labour for others petty commodity production: production of commodities for sale based on economic necessity and using own means of production and household labour proletarianization: process of generalsed employment of wage labour in commodity production
• transatlantic slave trade (SUPPLY & demand) merchant traders (portuguese, dutch, brits, french, swedes, danes) go down the west african coast 16-18th c african military and political elite, lower scale slave trade took place at the time
• transatlantic slave trade (supply & DEMAND) demand for labour really set it off: portuguese in brazil from 1530s, brits and french in the caribbean and north america in 17th and 18th c estimates that 10-50 million peoplewere trafficked across the atlantic over 300 years demand for commoditites: europe (tobacco sugar cotton) africa (metal and pots) textiles tobacco alcohol
• transatlantic slave trade investors merchant shipping companies, british royalty, aristocracy, political/intellecutal elite (king george I queen anne isaac newton john locke) church of england huuugely profitable
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• triangular trade phases and economic dynamics beginings of the industrial revolution people producing pots, metal steel in europe -> shipping it to the african west coast and traded with slaves -> slaves are taken to the americas and work on plantations (cotton sugar tobacco) -> send back to europe
• slave rebellion regular revolts and resistance in africa on the voyage and on plantations slave rebellion in 1791 led by toussaint l'overture. haiti gained its independence in 1804 as the first black independent republic
• abolition (2 parts) prohibition of slave trade: society for the abolition of the slave trade - founded in britain in 1787. 1792 - denmark first to prohibit slave trade abolition of slavery and the emancipation of slaves: latin american governments - some at independence in the 1820s, most by 1850s. britain abolished slavery in 1834 (after rebellion in jamaica)
• what happened simultaneously to the haitan independence? french revolution
• consequences of slave trade in africa tragedy of humanity (first holocaust) de-population of western africa african state building, economic and military elites established self perpetuating dynamic - prevented investment in production of other commodities for export undedevelopment of africa through economic stagnation, poverty, conflict, legacy of racism
• how europe underdeveloped africa author walter rodney 1792
• consequences of the slave trade for capitalist indurstrialisation in britain trinidadian scholar eric williams (reading) capitalis and slavery 1944: profits from britains involvement i the triangular trade directly contributed to the technical innovations of the industrial revolution
• opposition to eric williams (capitalism and slavery 1944) historians anstey, bairoch: profits from the triangular trade played a small role in the early stages of the IR. the costs of colonialism, e.g. military costs in the caribbean, actually retarded industrial development
• consequences of the slave trade for capitalist industrialisation in britain blackburn 1997 capital accumulated from slavery indirectly helped build the general infrastructure that industrialisation required (roads, docks, railways) increased recognition of the importance of export markets for british manufactured goods in africa and the americas, providing an impetus to industrialisation also, evidence of direct connections between triangular trade and growth of manufacturing industries in british cities
• evidence of direct connections between triangular trade and growth of manufacturing industries in british cities bristol: iron, other metal goods liverpool: ship building industry, rope industry birmingham: metal industry (fetters chains padlocks guns)
• scramble of africa 1870-1900 biggest land grab in history: 1876 - 10% under direct colonial rule 1914 - almost all of africa under colonial rule, including new borders
• scramble of africa - what happened 1876: 80 king leopold II of belgium acquired 900000 square miles of territory in central africa 1882: british occupied egypt, france declares protectorate in central africa 1884: german protectorates in togo, kamerun, south west africa, german east africa 1880s: british and french military expansion in west africa 1884-85: berlin conference treaty signed establishing areas of interest by 1902: political boundaries of modern africa had largely been defined.
• how was conquest of africa achieved? (3) agreement: berlin conference, averting conflict between rival imperialist powers military force: african resistance, but military superiority of europeans treaties of protection: with local rulers/chiefs. missionaries also had a role
• why did the scramble of africa occur at this time and so quickly? (3) conjunctural explanation: chain reaction? denmark and then everyone followed political explanation: rivalry between european nations for political influence and power economic explanation: era of monopoly capitalism and global colonialism?
• monopoly colonialism by late 19th century concentration of capital in a small number of large firms colonial rule as means to guarantee supply o raw materials and or markets of goods large firms exerted great influence on their governments
• indirect control form of colonial governance: used existing governance structures british colonial officers would negotiate/force local chiefs to accept maintain and actively govern in line with british rule councils would train elites and at some point in time these territories would be able to rule themselves missionaries helped with smoothing the process
• direct control base: africans were not civilized enough to rule themselves settled europeans empowered to rule african populations french supported a policy of assimilaion in which a native population would take on french customs and culture and be like them (african customs and culture were inferior) british kept the native separate, they were always inferior
• life under colonialism racism and eugenics disrupted social cultural gendered and sexual relations
• justifications for colonialism barbarians were not civilised based on race social darwinism
• hutu tutsi rwanda, tutsi are favored, triggered rwandan genocide?
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• psychological consequences of colonisation Psychiatrists H.L. Gordon and J.C. Carothers argued that Africans had a defunct frontal lobe and underdeveloped brains Sigmund Freud in Totem and Taboo argued there were similarities between ‘the mental lives of savages and neurotics [in Europe]”
• sexual relations homophobia as legacy of colonialism
• economic implications colonised populations were forced to pay taxes and to work for the colonial regimes populations forced into labour to pay taxes upset local economies and populations became dependent on colonial rulers
• rhodes colossus british imperialist who made huge profit from africas natural resources founded rhodesia in africa commemorated in oxford - rhodes statues etc h
• unsuccesful movements algeria fights the french for 50 years german east africa resistance results in 75000 deaths (1905)
• successful movements ethiopia never colonized under emperor menelik II plays europeans against each other stockpiles modern weapons defeats italy and remains independent
• former colonies today half a century since direct colonization 33 of the 48 lcds in the world are in africa imperialism (debt and structural adjustment, theatre of the cold war) since 1990s: waves of democratization, increase in conflict, resources boom (nigeria, angola, congo) increasing role of china and india in africa
• china in africa resource grab? new imperialism? new partnership development?
• Conclusion • Diversit y of Africa n societies• Pr ofound impact of the slave trade on the African continent• Contributi on of the slave trade to industrialization in Europe• Short period of direct colonization in Africa, but with enduring consequences• Process of primitive accumulation continuing?

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