The Sustainable Development Goals and development post 2017

Question 1

Sustainable development goals and inclusive development author

Accepted Answer

Gupta, Vegelin

Question 2

abstract

Accepted Answer

Achieving sustainable development has been hampered by trade-offs in favourof economic growth over social well-being and ecological viability, which may also affectthe sustainable development goals (SDGs) adopted by the member states of the UnitedNations. In contrast, the concept of inclusive development emphasizes the social, eco-logical and political dimensions of development. In this context, this paper addresses thequestion: What does inclusive development mean and to what extent is it taken intoaccount in the framing of the SDGs? It presents inclusive development as having three keydimensions (social, ecological, and relational inclusiveness) with five principles each. Thisis applied to the 17 SDGs and their targets. The paper concludes that while the text on theSDGs fares quite well on social inclusiveness, it fares less well in respect to ecological andrelational inclusiveness. This implies that there is a risk that implementation processes alsofocus more on social inclusiveness rather than on ecological and relational inclusiveness.Moreover, in order to de facto achieve social inclusiveness in the Anthropocene, it iscritical that the latter two are given equal weight in the actual implementation process.

Question 3

strong sustainability? (Gupta, Vegelin)

Accepted Answer

implies no trade-offs between the economic, social and ecological goals, but this is rare; politics tend to make trade-offs in favour of the economy at the cost of social and ecological issues. Furthermore, autonomous processes of globalization allocate resources through a poorly regulated market, resulting in a ‘one dollar one vote’ approach, rather than a ‘one person one vote’ system at the national level, or a ‘one country one vote’ system at the global level. Without strong countervailing power, this might concentrate resources in the hands of the few, as is already happening

Question 4

MDGs

Accepted Answer

aimed to compensate for this autonomous concentration of wealth by focusing on ensuring dignity for the very poorest people. It mobilized people in different parts of the world and in different capacities to implement the MDGs, even though the end results have been uneven. Negotiations on the follow-up to the now expired MDGs have expanded the scope of discussion to includeecological issues. They have led to the adoption of a document entitled ‘Transforming ourWorld: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’ which includes the sustainabledevelopment goals

Question 5

sdg trinity

Accepted Answer

While sustainable development has ecological, social and economic aspects, the difficultiesin optimizing all three aspects for present and future generations has led to the rise ofconcepts that embody dualities of this trinity—green economy/growth (which combinesthe environment with the economy, green society (which combines the environment with social goals), inclusive growth (which combines growth with social aspects) and inclusive development (which focuses on social and ecological aspects). Green growth and inclusive growth are the two most dominant dualities and both have neo-liberal roots but take on an additional dimension—either environmental issues or the need to share economic growth with the poorest

Question 6

inclusive development

Accepted Answer

builds on the following intellectual roots: social roots which lead to the articulation of social inclusiveness; ecological roots which leads to the articulation of ecological inclusiveness; and political geography roots which argue that power politics need to be addressed to protect social and ecological goals

Question 7

social inclusiveness (Gupta, Vegelin)

Accepted Answer

Social inclusiveness has its roots in human rights, inequality, redistribution, rural devel-opment, entitlements and capabilities concepts and has been expressed in the MillenniumDevelopment Goals

Question 8

social inclusiveness is a multi-level challenge...

Accepted Answer

at the global level, it implies accounting for the least developed and developing countries andpost-conflict societies. This can be done by encouraging meaningful participation inUN processes, adopting equity principles, capacity building, technology transfer, andfinancial support. At the regional level, it implies taking the issues of the more vulnerablecountries into account and equitable sharing of transboundary resources. At the national level, it implies taking account of marginalized sectors, places, and communities. At the local level, it would imply accounting for specific individuals and groups.

Question 9

There are seven reasons that justify social inclusiveness ...

Accepted Answer

humanitarian and normative concerns for the most vulnerable , legal reasons call for theprotection of the dignity and human rights of people; economic reasons aim to promotesocial well-being and participation of the poor in labour and consumption markets, national security reasons justify meeting the needs of humans; democratic and communist discourses require sharing the results of prosperity with all; public health reasons require investing in the conditions in which the poor live to prevent the spread of poverty related diseases such as cholera, typhoid and others; and international reasons to ensure sustainable societies both within and across borders (where investing in crises affected countries, not only ensures sustainable societies in situ,but can also pre-empt the mass exodus of refugees for ex situ rehabilitation).

Question 10

aims of social inclusiveness

Accepted Answer

aims at empowering the poorest through investing in human capitaland enhancing the opportunities for participation. It is non-discriminatory and is age,gender, caste, sect and creed sensitive in terms of income, assets and the opportunities foremployment. It aims to reduce the exposure to risks such as natural disasters and civil conflict that exacerbate vulnerability. In doing so, inclusive development policies focus attention on the places (e.g. rural, peri-urban), sectors (e.g. small-scale farming, fishing and community forestry), and arenas (home-based activities, street vendors) of high vulnerability to enhance well-being, including material (i.e. living conditions through access to infrastructure and amenities such as drinking water and sanitation services, education and transport services), social-relational (i.e. in terms of human relations), and cognitive well-being (i.e. taking people’sknowledge, experiences and aspirations into account) These policy processes need to be contextually sensitive and encourage participatory governance and capacity building to enhance such participation

Question 11

5 principles of social inclusiveness

Accepted Answer

(a) adopting equity principles to share in development opportunities and benefits; (b) including the knowledge of the marginalized in defining development processes and goals; (c) ensuring a social minimum through a higher level of protection for the most marginalized; (d) targeted capacity building to help the poor benefit from opportunities since they may not be able to otherwise use such opportunities; and (e) engaging the marginalized in the politics of development governance.

Question 12

Social inclusiveness SDGs

Accepted Answer

Goal 1: end poverty everywhere;Goal 2: end hunger/malnutrition; Goal 3: enhancewell-being and healthy lives;Goal 4: inclusive andequitable education; Goal 5: endinequality between sexes; Goal6: universal access to water andsanitation; Goal 7: universalaccess to energy; Goal 8:employment for all; Goal 9:inclusive industrialization; Goal10: reduce inequalities; Goal11: inclusive cities; Goal 15:sustainable livelihoods; Goal16: inclusive institutions

Question 13

Social inclusiveness SDGs / achievements and limitations

Accepted Answer

These goals (a) enhance the levelof protection for the poor andthe small-scale sector, and (b) toa limited extent include all inthe opportunities fordevelopment. However, there islittle on including theknowledge of all, engaging allin the politics of development,or effective capacity building toenable better participation

Question 14

ecological inclusiveness SDGs

Accepted Answer

Goal 1: Resilience to disasters andland ownership; Goal 2:Sustainable agriculture; Goal 6:Sustainable water management;Goal 7: Sustainable energy;Goal 8: Enhance resourceefficiency, decouple growthfrom degradation; Goal 9:Sustainable industrialization;Goal 11: sustainable cities; Goal12: Sustainable consumptionand production patterns; Goal13: Combat climate change;Goal 14: Sustainably use marineresources; Goal 15: Promotesustainable ecosystems and haltland degradation

Question 15

ecological inclusiveness SDGs achievements/limitations

Accepted Answer

Some goals (a) establish someecocentric targets; (b) focus onbuilding resilience and adaptivecapacity; and (c) regulatingfinancial institutions. However,there are no measures for howrights, responsibilities and risksare to be shared betweendifferent groups; internationalcooperation is mentioned butnot in how it needs to bereformed; and there is notenough guarantee of theparticipation of all stakeholders

Question 16

relational inclusiveness SDGs

Accepted Answer

Goal 3: refers to TobaccoConvention—with strongrelational approach; Goal 4:gender equality; Goal 10:reduce inequality; Goal 11:urban rural interface; Goal 12:control private ownership;Goals 13 and 14: encouragesdeveloped countries to takeresponsibilities on climatechange and biodiversity; Goal16: promote peaceful andinclusive societies, access tojustice; Goal 17: Revitalizeglobal partnership

Question 17

relational inclusiveness SDGs achievements/limitations

Accepted Answer

These goals aim to (a) promoterule of law and equality ofaccess; (b) address issues ofbribery and corruption, illicitfinancial flows; (c) endinequality in terms of enhancingvoice. However, they do notaddress the logic of market-based economic growth,safeguard public goods fromprivatization and securitization,or ensure downwardaccountability

Question 18

environmental inclusiveness

Accepted Answer

Historically, environmental issues focused on single issues like the protection of endan-gered species. Over time, ecological issues were seen less as single one-off incidents andmore as interlocked with development issues. The knowledge that resource exploitation has experienced ‘the great acceleration’ such that we are living beyond our ecological means confirms that the Earth has entered the geological era of the Anthropocene ecological inclusiveness at the local level focuses on protecting local access to and ownership of resources as well as protecting local ecosystems. At the national level, it requires that resources are well managed and the sustainability of ecosystem services are ensured. At the transboundary and global level, it implies not causing harm to other countries and using common but differentiated responsibilities for dealing with global problems.

Question 19

Environmental inclusiveness, or the relation between environmental issues and the marginalized, emerges from three different strands

Accepted Answer

First, the livelihoods argument hasbeen that the poor depend on their local ecosystem for their survival. Second, the vulnerability argument focuses on how the vulnerability of the poor may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change and thus calls for enhancing adaptive capacity and resilience. Third, theAnthropocene argument is that the great acceleration in the demand for limited land, water,and other resources and sinks may lead to ecospace grabbing or the large-scale transfer ofthese resources from local communities to governments, large corporations and the privatesector by changing the rules of access to these resources which may further exacerbate the vulnerability of the poor

Question 20

environmental inclusiveness 5 principles

Accepted Answer

(a) the adoption of multiple sets of internally consistent, contextually relevant, but not necessarily identical ecocentric limits from the local to the global level to maintain ecosystem capital and services (e.g. the 2 degree target for climate change); (b) developing equitably shared rights, responsibilities and risks; (c) ensuring adequate legal protection and building the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable to cope with resource conflicts and the impacts of climate change; (d) greening existing international instruments on trade, investment and development assistance; (e) engaging relevant stakeholders in defining and implementing the above instrument

Question 21

relational inclusiveness (gupta, vegelin)

Accepted Answer

recognizes that poverty and ecological degradation are often the result of actions taken by others because of increasing inequality in society and the substance and process of politics. A scalar perspective requires understanding and addressing the multi-level drivers of inequality, exclusion and vulnerability

Question 22

social inequality (gupta, vegelin)

Accepted Answer

refers to the difference in income, wealth, opportunity and accessbetween the rich and the poor. Currently, an astounding 85 individuals possess more wealththan the bottom half of the global population. By 2016, the richest 1 % isexpected to own more than the remaining 99 %, rising from 44 % in 2009 (Oxfam2015).Although historical inequalities were reduced in the twentieth century, the trend is towardsrising inequality today. The rich have become richer through the historical accumulation of wealth that is unevenly taxed, exploitation of capital markets (which may or may not create bubbles suchas the housing bubble—where investors were bailed out by tax-payers at the cost of home-owners), and the development of intellectual property rights that protect medical patents,among others

Question 23

in what do the rich invest?

Accepted Answer

Given the importance of natural resources and sinks for economic growth, the richinvest heavily in these resources (land rights, water rights, minerals and metals, theelectromagnetic spectrum) and sinks (e.g. by purchasing emission rights) leading also toecological inequality. By not accepting their responsibility for environmental pollution(e.g. the USA has not ratified the Law of the Seas, the Kyoto Protocol, the BiodiversityConvention), the rich can also avoid their responsibility with impunity by influencing therules of governance at the national and international level. Thus, the concentration of wealth leads to inequality through direct and indirect resource expropriation. It also increases the ability of the rich to lobby for a certain kind of politics such as calling for small government and deregulation. Countering the cause and effect of structural inequalities caused by the political relations that keep them intact requires both scholarly engagements on inclusive development through multi-scalar, geographically and sectorally diverse analyses, and social movements to bring attention to them

Question 24

what does a relational approach require?

Accepted Answer

first requires a rethinking of how merit and public goods are managed and whether the privatization and securitization of these by state entities compromises human security or not. Second, the direct and indirect drivers of poverty, exclusion, and environmental degradation operate from the local to the global level, involving marginal to extremely powerful actors. This calls for policies that deal with all actors as opposed to policies that only deal with empowering the poorest. This would counter the tendency to offshore economic activities and offload governance activities (deregulation) as a way to bypass rules. Third, it recognizes that the roots of the direct and indirect drivers of inequality may lie in the ideological foundations of society calling for the questioning of dominant discourses and vested interests. Fourth, it sees the normative, legal, and instrumental interventions as not value-neutral. For example, when states make trade-offs between economic growth for all (i.e. collective well-being) and individual well-being, this can lead to marginalization of the latter and adverse inclusion.This calls for the downward accountability of institutions. Finally, aninclusive relational approach calls for global constitutionalism and rule of law to ensurethat powerful actors like governments, entities, banks, and tax havens are subject tocommon rules

Question 25

relational inclusiveness principles (gupta, vegelin)

Accepted Answer

(a) develop specific rules on public and merit goods and ensure that these do not become privatized or securitized directly or indirectly; (b) address all drivers at all levels, and combat ‘offshoring’ and ‘virtualization’of the economy by large corporations and the wealthy to bypass tax and other rules; tax theaccumulation of wealth and check when deregulation affects the rights of the poorest; (c) question the discourses that lead to exclusive growth and ensure that markets functionwithin the constraints of inclusive development rules and that these rules are made legallybinding; (d) test instruments for inclusiveness and ensure downward accountability; (e) promote the rule of law and constitutionalism at the global and national levels as a wayto combat power politics at both the global and national level to ensure that no country orpowerful entity is above the law.

Question 26

Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Devel- opment

Accepted Answer

includes a declaration of the 17 SDGs and their respective targets along withfollow-up and review measures. The document has a rhetorical commitment to‘sustainable development’ (mentioning it 85 times). It does not mention ‘inclusivedevelopment’. It has 41 references to the term ‘inclusive’ including six references to‘inclusive societies’ and ‘inclusive and sustainable economic growth’ respectively and oneto ‘inclusive growth’. It focuses strongly on ‘growth’ which is repeated 16 times (which isoccasionally qualified by adjectives such as inclusive or sustainable). Target 8.4 aims atdecoupling growth from environmental degradation. However, this does not reflect that atrue decoupling will require drastic redefinition of what constitutes growth

Question 27

sustainable growth (gupta, vegelin)

Accepted Answer

Theoretically,sustainable growth implies growth that takes social, economic and ecological aspects intoaccount, but ‘sustained growth’—the term used nine times in the document, often inrelation to inclusiveness and sustainability—has a different meaning. This reflects the viewof some development economists that growth is needed to reduce inequality, a vision wecontest

Question 28

goal 9 (gupta, vegelin)

Accepted Answer

sustainable industrialization’ and increased resource use efficiencyrecognize the concept of limited ecospace by encouraging sustainable use of resources foreconomic growth. Even so, the emphasis on economic growth reflects the type of dualitiesmentioned above and undermines more ecocentric goals.

Question 29

Risk in SDGs (gupta, vegelin)

Accepted Answer

there is a risk that the SDGs will go the way of thesustainable development discourse and make trade-offs in favour of growth over social andecological issues. Business-as-usual growth is justified as necessary for reducing socialinequalities and for addressing ecological issues instead of making clear commitments toredefine the development process. This would be to live within ecological constraints forthe well-being of society, even if it is at the cost of sustained growth.

Question 30

SDGs and social inclusiveness

Accepted Answer

Of the 17 Goals, 13 focus on social inclusiveness, but also take some ecological or relationalaspects into account. Goal 1 aims to end all forms of poverty everywhere, recognizes thatpoverty is not simply measured in income per capita and that it is also not exclusively locatedin poor countries. It specifies targets for eradicating extreme poverty, ensuring social pro-tection systems including floors, and ensuring access to basic resources. These social floorsare further elaborated in Goal 2 which aims to end hunger and malnutrition by 2030, whiledoubling the productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers; and in Goal 3 whichaims at enhancing well-being and healthy lives through targets on reducing maternal mor-tality, preventable deaths of children, and major epidemics, managing substance abuse andtraffic related deaths, and universal access to sexual and reproductive health care services and health coverage by 2030. Social floors also include Goal 4’s focus on inclusive andequitable education through universal completion of primary and secondary education,access to pre-primary education, and opportunities to enhance vocational and lifelonglearning by 2030. Similarly, Goal 6 aims to ensure universal access to water and sanitation.Goal 7 ensures universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy, whileGoal 8 promotes universal employment opportunities. Goal 9 focuses on resilient and sus-tainable infrastructure with affordable and equitable access for all and inclusive and sus-tainable industrialization. It aims to integrate small-scale enterprises into value chains.

Question 31

do the SDGs meet the principles of social inclusiveness?

Accepted Answer

While these goals clearly meet two of the five principles—namely that of (a) enhancingthe level of protection for the poor/marginalized and small-scale sector; and (b) enhancingdevelopment opportunities for all to a limited extent—there is little emphasis on includingthe knowledge of all, or engaging all, or promoting effective capacity building to enablebetter participation.

Question 32

SDGs and ecological inclusiveness (gupta, vegelin)

Accepted Answer

Eleven goals focus on ecological inclusiveness, marking a shift away from the MDGtargets and towards recognizing the interrelationships between exclusion, marginalizationand an overburdened environment. They set targets on production and consumption pat-terns (Goal 12) including sustainable and resilient agricultural practices, maintaining ecosystem services and adaptation to climate change, genetic diversity and securing seedand plant banks (Goal 2), demand side management through energy efficiency and supplyside management through promoting renewable energy (Goal 7), resource efficiency,decoupling growth from pollution (Goal 8) and sustainable industrialization (Goal 9); andon enhancing the quality of life by providing access to open and green spaces for all,sustainable transport systems, sustainable urbanization, sustainable human settlementplanning, and improving air quality and waste management within sustainable and resilientcities (Goal 11). These targets also focus on sustainable water management from local toglobal levels (Goal 6 and 14), mitigating climate change (Goal 13), and protectingecosystems and forests (Goal 15). Perhaps most significant for the prospects of ensuringecological inclusiveness is target 15.9 which calls for mainstreaming the principle ofecosystem protection into international, national, and local development agendas. In termsof building resilience, Goals 11 and 13 call to minimize exposure to disasters and enhanceresilience and adaptive capacity, not least through emphasizing the importance of land andresource ownership of the poorest (Goal 1).Different levels are addressed in the need to adopt sustainable practices including thestate, the private sector, local economies depending on tourism, and populations. Key tothese steps is also the effective mobilization of financial resources and the role of inter-national law.

Question 33

do the SDGS meet the principles for ecological inclusiveness?

Accepted Answer

Thus some of these goals (a) establish ecocentric targets, if vague in qualitative andquantitative terms; (b) focus on building resilience and adaptive capacity; and (c) regulatefinancial institutions. However, few if any deal with the other principles of allocating rights,responsibilities and risks between countries, or how to ‘green’ international cooperationinstitutions. There is also not enough guarantee of the participation of all stakeholders

Question 34

SDG and relational inclusiveness

Accepted Answer

Three of the 17 SDGs take an explicitly relational approach (Goals 10, 16 and 17), whileothers are more implicit. It is remarkable, relative to the MDGs, that the proposed SDGsmade a clear relational goal on reducing inequality within and among countries. Goal 10provides guards against exclusion at different levels and recognizes the overlap betweenmultiple forms of exclusion and marginalization. Inclusion refers to closing the income gapbetween the rich and poor, eliminating discriminatory laws and implementing socialprotection to enhance equality. This goes beyond social protection purely to prevent peoplefrom falling below the absolute poverty line. Furthermore, inclusion is facilitated bymonitoring global financial markets, and by enhancing representation and conditions fordeveloping countries in global decision-making fora. It tries to tackle structural inequalitythrough changing decision-making processes, aid, investment, and trade agreements.Goal 16 goes a step further to call for the rule of law and equal access to justice for all,which is critical for addressing structural issues. It also focuses on reducing illicit financialand arms flows, reducing corruption and bribery and ensuring responsive participatoryinstitutions. Goal 17 addresses structural issues by focusing on enhancing tax impositionon the rich, reiterating the 0.7 % official development assistance commitment of richcountries and addressing structural international debt issues. It includes the usual clauseson technology transfer and capacity building, the promotion of policy coherence, multi-stakeholder partnerships and monitoring and accountability

Question 35

do the SDGs meet the principles for relational inclusiveness?

Accepted Answer

The SDGs (a) promote the rule of law and equality of access to justice; (b) attempt ataddressing issues of bribery, corruption, illicit financial flows, tax evasion, unfair subsidies,and debt forgiveness; and (c) deal with ending inequality by enhancing fair participationwithin domestic and international institutions. However, they do not address the logic ofmarket-based economic growth, safeguard public goods from privatization and securiti-zation, nor ensure downward accountability. Furthermore, the lack of clear quantitatively defined targets and timetables for some of these issues may run the risk that they pacify critics without actually delivering on the goals.

Question 36

SDG implementation

Accepted Answer

While Goal 17on implementation highlights the importance of finance, technology, capacity building,trade, and systemic issues, other goals also include some aspects of implementation.

Question 37

implementation social inclusiveness

Accepted Answer

Onsocial inclusiveness, Goals 1 and 17 seek better domestic financial resource mobilization;Goals 9 and 17 promote cooperation on science, technology, innovation and ICT; Goals 4and 8 promote capacity building of teachers, scholarships for higher education in othercountries, and a global strategy for youth employment.

Question 38

implementation ecological inclusiveness

Accepted Answer

On ecological inclusiveness, Goals 7, 11, 14, and 17 emphasize raising financialresources and cooperating on environmentally sound technologies between states andrecommend multilateral negotiations within the UN calling, inter alia, for the full imple-mentation of international law on climate change and water (Goals 6, 17).

Question 39

implementation relational inclusiveness

Accepted Answer

Relational inclusiveness is more complex as it challenges the existing status quo and isexpressly developed in Goal 10. It calls on the powerful countries to meet their ODAcommitments, debt restructuring to help developing countries, and to deal with tax evasion.Goal 17 calls on powerful institutions such as the trading regime to promote more balancedtrading and to implement the principle of special and differential treatments for developingcountries, in accordance with long-standing WTO agreements. Beyond this, implementa-tion also means doubling the share of global exports of LDCs by 2020 and using inter-national forums to give special attention to rural infrastructure and agricultural researchand to managing food price volatility. Goal 8, which focuses on aid for trade, may counterthe relational approach if carried to its logical conclusion

Question 40

what did gupta/vegelin assess in their paper?

Accepted Answer

This paper argues that an inclusive development analysis of the SDGs may help to assesswhether the textual design truly aims at ensuring that development focuses both on social andecological issues, as well as on the political tools for achieving the transformation to which itaims. Recognizing the risk that the SDG agenda may go the same route as the sustainabledevelopment discourse—that priority will go to economic growth over social and economicgoals—this paper has surveyed the 17 SDGs to assess how well they represent inclusivedevelopment.

Question 41

clonclusions on the SDGs (gupta, vegelin)

Accepted Answer

We conclude first that the SDG document continues to emphasize the growthcomponent in its interpretation of sustainable development. Second, the SDG text scores wellon the articulation of social inclusiveness—as 11 of the 17 goals focus on issues concerningthe most marginalized. Third, its commitment to addressing ecological inclusiveness issignificantly lower. Although eleven goals deal with ecological issues, the actual quantitativeand qualitative commitment is lower. They are largely focused on technology transfer andscientific solutions and not enough on the need to redefine the growth concept based on theavailability of limited ecospace and the need to enhance human welfare. Fourth, whilerelational politics generally received low attention, the SDGs do groundbreaking work by atleast mentioning global inequalities, and the need to tax the rich and reform global insti-tutions to create a level playing field. However, in contrast to the other two aspects ofinclusive development, relational politics has received the least amount of attention, thoughthe unexpected mention of private sector responsibility and focus on multi-scalar decision-making bodies represents the potential for important changes.Fifth, what is however remarkable is that there are few goals that either only focus onsocial issues or only focus on ecological or relational issues. All focus quite substantivelyon the nexus between two of three criteria, except SDG 11 which straddles all threeelements, and SDG 17 which takes relational issues to an operational leve

Question 42

point of reflections SDGs (gupta vegelin)

Accepted Answer

First, from theperspective of inclusive development, successful implementation of the SDGs would notonly mean that poverty and marginalization are reduced, ecological sustainability isenhanced, and the gap between the powerful and less powerful is minimized. Rather, it also means recognizing a powerful ends-means connection between the goals and the ways inwhich they are integrated into global society. This requires conceptual coherence betweenthe SDGs themselves and how they are applied. Thus, the methods for implementationwould need to embrace the principles of inclusive development in themselves to overcomeunequal power relations in order to genuinely address the goals.Second, the implementation of the SDGs would need to challenge the business-as-usualapproach to growth. Seeking to promote the rule of law at the national and international levels,upward and downward accountability in institutions, enhanced participation, freedoms andcapabilities at all levels, the SDGs clearly aim to bring up the baseline for developingcountries and poorer global populations. The articulation of these goals focuses a good deal on what the developed world should do to help achieve them. While this is a crucial component, this may problematically assume a full commitment to equality, sustainable development, and ecological protection on the part of the developed countries as well as large corporations. The scholarly community and NGOs will need to monitor this commitment. The risk of undermining the relational approach can only be avoided by setting the terms for truly equal and participatory interactions between developed and developing countries. Third, as a corollary to this, the inclusive approach to the SDGs requires developedcountries to give something up. This might be done by establishing implementation goals forenhanced democratic and multi-scalar decision-making frameworks which include clearstipulations for how richer participants must change their own behaviour and adjust theirown interests as well as ensure that there are resources for financing the implementation ofthe goals. Additionally, social movements may need to put more pressure on the political oreconomic powers-that-be to level out the playing field by their own volition, beyond pro-viding required financing or creating conditions for more participation (for example throughcrowdsourcing as highlighted in Gellers this issue). This might mean that the content of theSDGs would have been stronger with a mention of the UN Global Compact with corpora-tions given that several other frameworks are mentioned to enhance policy coherence. Inshort, goals to bring up the ‘bottom’ should be complemented by lowering the ‘top’.

Question 43

Pope vs UN Guardian

Accepted Answer

who will save the world first? 2015

Question 44

Pope Francis document

Accepted Answer

Pope Francis's encyclical

Question 45

comparison between the popes encyclical and the SDGs

Accepted Answer

unlike the encyclical the SDGs are not paradigm shifting or visionary. accusation of business as usual mentality

Question 46

3 ways ope francis has raised the bar

Accepted Answer

1. thoroughness vs holism: SDGs have 17 goals and 169 targets and recognise that the problems are multidimensional. pope offers profound critiue of the deep logic of our political economy. 2. growth and consumption: SDGs focus on GDP growth (goal 8) even though this is highly irrational and outdated. we have to confront the core of the problem which is an economic model that relies on ever-increasing consumption. 3. cause and effect: SDGs state that every country is primarily responsible for its own development outcomes. colonialism, slavery, resource theft, financial crises and such arent mentiones. Poverty and ecological crises dont just exist, they are caused by institutions with specific interests. corporation influence at all stages of the draft cause a refusal to stop business as usual

Question 47

MDGs

Accepted Answer

Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme poverty and hungerGoal 2: Achieve Universal Primary EducationGoal 3: Promote Gender Equality and empowermentGoal 4: Reduce Child MortalityGoal 5: Improve Maternal HealthGoal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other DiseasesGoal 7: Ensure Environmental SustainabilityGoal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Question 48

what did the MDGs aim for?

Accepted Answer

“The MDGs provide a framework for the entire international community to work together towards a common end – making sure that human development reaches everyone, everywhere”.

Question 49

when?

Accepted Answer

were meant to be in place 2000-2015 but only in 2005 there was a UN resolution for commitment

Question 50

MDG1: eradication of poverty

Accepted Answer

indicator: proportion of people living on less than 1.25$ per day. generally wasnt met but it has decreased quite significantly worldwide. targets were reached everywhere exept subsaharan africa and western asia. but it clearly matters what you measure (people living on 1.5 dollars are excluded from this)

Developing World (Fach) / The Sustainable Development Goals and development post 2017 (Lektion)