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Bienen (Fach) / Prüfung (Lektion)

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• Where do you see the symptoms of Ascosphaerosis larvarum? (chalk brood) fluffy and swollen covered in white cotton like mycelium
• Where do you see the symptoms of Ascosphaerosis larvarum? (chalk brood) fluffy and swollen,  covered in white cotton like mycelium The larva eats the spores and they penetrate the gut wall and the cuticule of the thorax. The larva will first be fluffy and swollen, and then get covered in white cotton like mycelium. The larva in the cell will resemble a chunk of chalk. Fruiting bodies (spore cysts of the fungi) can be seen on the dead larvas.
• The life of the workers 1-2 days: cleaning of cells3-5 days: feeding older larvae6-11 days: feeding younger larvae12-17 days: comb construction18-21 days: gardening-defending functionsfrom 22nd day: foraging for pollen and nectar
• The life of the Queen Queen: 16 days → 3+5+8
• lifecycle of the drone 24 days → 3+7+14
• The dance of the bee? It is a way bee’s show eachother where they have found nectar and pollen. With the help of the location of the sun and the gravity they can signal to the other workers where they need to go.
• What does Nosema infect? It is a parasitic infection of adults (mostly workers, but also queen and drone). The affect the epithelium of the mid-gut.
• Which colours do the bee’s see, and which not? they can see UV-light but not red light, the red light will seem black to the bee.
• For how many hours can you lock the bee hive? The can be closed for maximum 72 hours.
• How long do you have to boil the comb? (temperature also) You have to heat it at 49 degrees for 24 hours. It will kill all stages of wax moths.
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• Which diseases belong to the OIE-B? - Acariosis of bees - American foulbrood - European foulbrood - Nosemosis of bees - Varroosis → according to google Nosomosis Ascarpiosis → according to old questions
• What is honeydew? It is a classification of honey that refers to honey produced by honeybees collecting nectar that is exuded from another insect such as an aphid or scale insect. Very common is the one from the Black Forest in Germany.
• When do the bee’s produce most wax? When they want to build and strengthen the comb, and produce more cells. Mostly between 12-17 days.
• When did they first observe Varroa destructor in Hungary? First discovered in Europe in 1970’s, and in 1978 in Hungary.
• Which disease smells sour? The European Foulbrood gives a sour smell of the dead larvae.
• Which disease causes gondola-like scale? The Sacbrood Virus (SBV) causes a dried down larva with a flattened gondola-shaped scale.
• How many days are needed for the larva to develop from the egg? 3 days are needed.
• Write the workers tasks? 1-2 days: cleaning of cells3-5 days: feeding older larvae6-11 days: feeding younger larvae12-17 days: comb construction18-21 days: gardening-defending functionsfrom 22nd day: foraging for pollen and nectar
• How many brood cells can be collected from 10x10 cm comb? 800-850 brood cells.
• How many brood cells can be collected from 10x10 cm comb? 800-850 brood cells.
• How many brood cells can be collected from 10x10 cm comb? 800-850 brood cells.
• How many days is the life cycle of the queen? 16 days → 3+5+8
• Treatment and prevention of Nosemosis apium? Treatment: fumagillin or other antibiotics and disinfection of hives and combs (if no honey or pollen is present formalin or acetic acid can be used). Prevention: move the colonies to a new place in the autumn, give sufficient syrup and disinfect the hives and combs.
• When does Nosemosis occur? At the end of winter and in spring time.
• Which do belong to the OIE category? - Acariosis of bees - American foulbrood - European foulbrood - Nosemosis of bees - Varroosis
• List the names of the European and Indian honey bees? European: Apis mallifera Indian: Apis cerana
• What is the pathogen of chalk brood? Ascosphera apis
• Which are zoonotic? Stone brood disease: Aspergillus flavus A.fumigatus
• Write 4 names of drugs to treat Varroosis? amitrazFolbex VACymazolPerizinFluvalinat
• Diagnostic method for American Foulbrood? - Inspection of the combs and the dead larvae. - Studying the scales in UV light. - You can put a dry scale into 6 drops of warm milk (74 C). It will form milk curdles within a minute - if it is infected. Normal healthy larvae would use 13 min. - You can stain the spores with methylene blue. - Cultivate the bacteria in Columbia agar and with CO2. Use PCR.
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• Two types of CPV? Type 1: Paralysis “Isle of Wight disease” → trembeling in body and wings, can’t fly, bloated abdomen due to distension of the honey sac, die within a few days Type 2: Black robbers “little blacks” → become hairless, dark/black shiny, look smaller, trembly, flightless, dies quickly
• Write 2 secondary bacteria causing foul odour and sour smell? Bacterium eurydice Streptococcus faecalis Bacillus alvei Bacillus laterosporus
• Write the name of wax moth? The great wax moth → Galleria melonella The lesser wax moth → Achroia grisella The Mediterranean flour moth → Anagasta kuehniella
• What are the larva glands? The larva has only spinning glands
• What is bee louse? Braula coeca → it is a brown wingless fly, which can be found on the bodies of workers and queens, and sometimes drones
• What is the sac brood? It is a viral infection which infect young larvae. They cant shed their last larval skin and die within it.
• What causes flattened gondola shaped scale? The Sacbrood virus in the last stage when the larva dries down to a flattened gondola shaped scale
• List 4 instruments for bee keeping? Hive → rectangular frames with combsQueen excluder → gridsExtractor → centrifugateUncapper → fork, electrical heated knife
• Honey enzymes? Invertase diastase
• What is milk test? A method to diagnose American Foulbrood: You can put a dry scale into 6 drops of warm milk (74 C). It will form milk curdles within a minute, if it is infected. Normal healthy larvae would use 13 min.
• Taxonomy of bees? Hymenoptera → Aculeata → Apidae → Apis…
• Which Varroa species lives where? The Korean haplotype → most common, Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia, America (Varroa destructor) The Japan-Thailand haplotype → Japan, Thailand, America (Varroa jacobsoni)
• What is used against Varroa? Lots of drugs with akaricid effect: amitrazFolbex VACymazolPerizinFluvalinat
• What causes apimyiasis? Senotainia tricuspis
• What is Braula? It is the Braula coeca → the bee louse
• When is the cleaning flight and what is it for? It is right after winter, when the workers fly out from the hives to defecate. To prevent dirt inside the hive
• What happens before the winter? The drones are expelled from the hive. The bee keeper will clean, f eed sugar syrup, take a Varroa control and otherwise prepare for the winter.
• How many % of the Varroa males survive after the winter? Non of the males will survive, because they die right after mating
• What is the royal jelly? Is a substance produced by the pharyngeal glands, a combination of honey and pollen which is fed to the young larvae and the queen.
• What is American Foulbrood? It is one of the most dreaded bacterial bee diseases in the world. It is very contagious. The disease of brood caused by Paenibacillus larvae. It has to be reported to the OIE.

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