Geschichte (Fach) / Geschi (Lektion)

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• Bismarck's aims for Germany - keep Germany out of war- avoid unfavourable alliances- industrial expansion- political power kept in the hands of the Kaiser & aristocracy
• Anti Socialist laws Oktober 1878-September 1890 attack on socialismafter cultural struggle fails B. "needs" new scape goat/enemyB. blames socialists of attempts to kill the Emperor &rejects their wish for further welfare:. B. introduces sancitons against socialists:- B. forbids free press & freedom to assemble- parties are not banned, but existance is made more difficult,complete banning would have enraged workers & B. wants their support- participation of the SPD in the Reichstag cannot be stopped- B. is pragmatic: he hinders their political work, introduces some social welfare measures:. satisfies the people & ensures his power
• Three Emperors' League- Russia, Austria- Hungary & Germany 1873 and renewed in 1881
• renewed Three-Emperors' League 1881 founded in 1873 between Russia A+H and Germany
• Wilson 14 points mild peace agreement:no secret treaties for anyone, free access to sea, no trade restrictions, disarmament for everyone,colonies decide about their own future, Belgium restored, Alsace-Lorraine back to F.,Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved- different national states,self-determination for all peoples, League of Nations to settle future disputes
• Ebert's problems Ebert's Problems: - Economic:- hunger/ flu epidemic- inflation- allied blockade meant shortages of essential goods- Political- opposition of the Right:- hostility of the elite- powerful generals only tatically & possibly temporarily supporting the new regime- "Freikorps"- mainly demobilised soldiers, very anti- communist & armed- nationalist turmoil on eastern & southern borders- seperatist movements in Bavaria, Rhineland, East Prussia- Political- opposition of the Left:- radical groups holding strikes & mass demonstrations- Workers' councils (soviets)- KPD wanted a communist revolution as in Russia in 1917 which had led to civil war- Military:- bitterness at unexpected defeat- need for an armistice, then peace treaty- demobilisation, 1.5 million soldiers had to be returned to society
• 9th of November in the course of German history 1918 claiming of republic1923 Hitler putsch in Munich1938 Reichskristallnacht1989 fall of the Mauer
• Anschluss Österreichs March 1938
• Munich Pact September 1938 an agreement permitting the Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland were areas along Czech borders, mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Nazi Germany   Czecheslovakia was not invited to the conference, therefore also called Munich dictate
• Hitler- Stalin Pact August 1939 Hitler- Stalin Pact pact of non agression between Germany and Russia, preventing the prospect of a two front war. trust in germany completely shattered in Britain
• German withdrawal from the League of Nations 1933 Germany withdraws from the League of Nations which it had joined only 1926
• reintroduction of German conscription 1935
• Novelties in the Weimar Constitution in comparison to that of 1871 Novelties & Changes in the Weimar Constitutionin comparison to the Reich Constitution of 1871- basic & human rights:- according to the model of the old 1848 draft of a Reich Constitution (model French Rev.)- basic human rights are granted-> limitation Art. 48 in case of an emergenca endangering the people or the state, basic rights can be infringed- political participation of the people:- universal secret suffrage (women are now granted the passive & active right to vote/ to be elected)- in the Federal states' constitutions there is universal secret suffrage now as well(still a Prussian dominance due to the size of the population, territory, economic importance)- Reichstag deputies reiceive a salary now (poorer people can take political offices)- Reich President elected directly by the people (great power)- the government is formed by a majority in Reichstag and is answerable to Reichstag (=to the people)- possibility of plebiscites- government:- no Kaiser anymore- introduced of Reich President as head of state- governement is not appointed by the Kaiser/ Reich Chancellor anymore but by a majority in the Reichstag- government is answerable to Reichstag- judicial branch:- judges of the imperial court appointed by the Reich President- army:- Reich President has the supreme command- legislation:federal system in the form of bicameral parliament- laws are proposed by the government or by Reichstag/ Reichsrat members and have to be passed in both houses- Reich President can veto laws (partly)political Spectrum in the Weimar Republicover 30 parties, without 5 per cent hurdle many splinter partiesfrom left to right- from up to downKPD Communist Party *1918 by Spartacus League
• 1918 a real revolution?yes! - revolution from below: uprisings, mutinies of sailors, soldiers & workers also using violence- republic proclaimed: including the creation of a constitution that really changed the old order- spartacist/ communist uprisings in Berlin in Jan 1919- constituent National Assembly is elected
• 1918 a real revolution?no! - revolution from above: changes from above, Kaiser abdicates & the power is given to Ebert by v. Baden, von Baden thinks about E. to be the as the lesser evil &shifts power to the moderate socialists in order to avoid a soviet. style republic favoured by Liebknecht & Luxemburg- Ebert- Groener- Pact: deal between military leadership (olde elites) & the new government against left-wing radicals, to safe the state- Stinnes-Legien- Agreement: industrialists (Stinner ) can keep their property but trade unions (Legien) have a say in negotiations & better condiditions for the workers. congress of workers' and soldiers' counsicls meet in Berling & with a majority votes for the policy of the SPD, government . constitution, "betrayal of the revolution"
• French & Belgian troops marchin g in Ruhr area to enforce reparation demands -> passive resistance from Reich Government (workers' wages paid by government), national outrage & strikes February 1923
• Inflation develops to Hyperinflation (more & more printed money, lost wealth) building of extremist groups & seperatist groups (Rhineland) central Germany & Hamburg- communism strengthened Bavaria- right wing reactionary conservatives strengthened 1923
• Treaty of Rapallo April 1922 Soviet- German friendship treaty: both sides do not clean reperations from each othereconomic agreement: Germany helps to develop soviet industry,soviet Russia exports raw materials & food stuffs to G.secret agreements:Revisionist attempts to recreate the former Russian- German borderSoviet & German military cooperation
• high unemployment rates, no coalition reached winter 29/30
• Heinrich Brüning (Z) appointed Chancellor, no majority in Reichstag, rules by Emergency Decree, bans SA & SS starts negotiations on reperations with allies, reduces wages of civil servants, increases taxes, cuts welfare March 1930
• General Elections, Nazis 107 seats (1928: 12) September 1930
• B.wants to use the army to stop activities of H.'s SA, Hindenburg refuses, B. dismissed, Franz v. Papen (Conservative) appointed Apr-June 1932
• Papen cannot solve the problems, Hindenburg appoints an army general Kurt von Schleicher to rule by decree after two unsucessful attempts to form a government with 2 general elections in December 1932
• Hindenburg appoints H. Imperial Chancellor, government consists of 2 more Nazis, 8 Conservative-Nationalists (mainly DNVP) Schleicher- Vice Chancellor 30 January 1933
• Dual Alliance- Austria-Hungary & Germany 1879
• immediate events leading up to WW 1 1) Franz Ferdinand assassinated 2) Germany gives Austria a  "carte blanche" 3) French gives Russia a "carte blanche" in a way 4) Austria sends ultimata to Belgium 5) Russia promises to help Serbia, Serbia accepts all but one point of the ultimata 6) Austria declares war on Serbia 7) Russia mobilizes part of her troops, German ultimatum to Belgium 8) Russia does not answer the ultimatum, Germany declares war on Russia 9) Germany declares war on France and invades Belgium 10) Great Britain has mobilized and declares war on Germany because she has violated Belgium neutrality  
• Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936
• Swastica becomes sole German flag 1935
• concordat with the Catholic Church 1933
• Kellog-Briand Pact 1928 multilateral pact between Italy, Germany, USA, France,UK renouncing aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense.
• war with Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein 1864
• War between Prussia and Austria over Holstein(Austria) respectively Schleswig(Prussia) 1866 subsequently the Norddeutscher Bund is created
• end of reparation payments 1934
• Lausanne Conference 1932 debts almost relieved(?) Papen cabinet 1924 Dawes Plan 1929 Young Plan 1931 Hoover Moratorium (Aufschub der Zahlungen wegen int. Wirtschaftskrise)
• Kapp Putsch 1920 many soldiers unemployed because of the demilitarization of Germany Freikorps takes over government. civil servants dont follow freikorps orders, coup d'etat fails

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