Kreyer (Fach) / Session 10 (Lektion)

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• Name two major useages of language and describe them 1 Language as a representational system: Representation of experience based on our       perception of the world.2 Language as a communicative system: Sharing our perception with others.
• Representation and communication both involve the three universals of human modelling. What are the three unviersals of human modelling? Generalisation: parts of a person’s model account for the whole category to which the original experience belongs.           Experience: I accidentally stepped on the tail of a cat and it scratched me.          > Positive generalisation: I should not step on the tail of cats.          > Negative generalisation: cats are dangerous. Deletion: the decision to select certain dimensions of our experience and exclude others.           e.g. A man made the generalisation that he was not worthy. Consequently, he                           systematically discarded the caring messages of his wife. Distortion: “the process which allows us to make shifts in our experience of sensory data”. We alter reality for various purposes.           e.g. People will distort present reality when rehearsing a speech which they will later                 present.
• There seems to be a well-structured and rule-governed system underlying our communications: There seems to be a well-structured and rule-governed system underlying our communications: Marie and Julie are doing the review.*Review doing Julie and the Marie are.
• What is transformational grammar? Transformational grammar Seeks to uncover the rules at the origin of “regular patterns” governing the creation of our sentences. Relies on native speakers’ consistent intuitions: well-formedness, constituent structure and logical semantic relations.
• The transformational model: a model of our model Surface structure: It is the linguistic output. It is the result of transformations (permutation or distortion, deletion, nominalisation) which do not affect the meaning of the sentence as a whole.          The woman bought a truck.          Communication ALWAYS works through surface structure.  Deep structure: the complete linguistic representation of an utterance or its logical semantic relations.          The woman bought a truck from someone for some money
• What is Passive transformation? The boy ate the chocolate cake. The chocolate cake was eaten by the boy.
• What is Permutation transformation? It is easy to scare Barry. Barry is easy to scare.
• What is Delition? Fluffo went to the store and Tab went to the store too. Fluffo went to the store and Tab went too.
• What is nominalization? This information enables us to formulate precise questions. This information enables the formulation of precise questions.
• Transformational grammar and psychotherapy Therapists analyse the surface structure in order to understand the deep structure of the client and change it. The model of the client is a poor representation of the real world. The therapist has to reconnect the client to the real world thereby enriching his model with more choices. The therapist uses his knowledge about human modelling to uncover the model of the client’s world.
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• Deletition in psychotherapy The client deliberately drops fragments of his model because he feels he only has a limited set of unsatisfactory choices at his disposal. The therapist focuses on impoverishing and painful deletions and makes the client aware of the existence of richer choices.
• Generalization in psycho therapy the model of the client is full of generalisations. The therapist has to arrive at the specific experiences from which they origin in order to get a clear picture of the client’s model
• Distortion in psychotherapy the patient feels powerless. The therapist has to convince him that experiences are not events but processes that he controls. Presuppositions are to be uncovered and questioned by the therapist as they limit the client’ representation of his experience.The approach used by the therapist varies:
• Psychotherapy He could ignore the surface structure He could ask questions to obtain the information that he needs from the patient He could make a suggestion to the patient to see if it fits in his model of the world

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