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• Types of prototypes The central members of radial categories are one subtype of a general phenomenon called protoypes A prototype is an element of a category that is used to represent the category as a whole in some sort of reasoning  All prototypes are cognitive constructions used to perform a certain kind of reasoning; they are not objective features of the world 
• Some of the basic types of prototypes that play a role in American politics - The central subcategory of a radial category --> this provides the basis for extending the category in new ways for defining variations - A typical case prototype: typical American = white protestant, native born, fluent English skills etc. - Typical bird = the size of an Amsel, Spatz, harmless, friendly - An ideal case protoype: defines a standard against which other subcategories are measured --> The ideal parent, ideal citizen (liberals got other ideals than conservatives)- An anti-ideal protoype: defines a negative standard, worst kind of subcategory- A social stereotype: model, widespread in culture. Snap, unreflected judgements about others (groups) --> The drunk Irish, the tidy Germans, the relaxed italians, the lazy poor- A salient exemplar --> A single memorable example that is commonly used in making probablitiy judgements or drawing conlcusions about what is typical of category members --> e.g. popluarizing the example of one welfare cheater to suggest that everyone on welfare cheats 
• What is the key concept for liberals and conservatives used in political speech? How do they differ? Lakoff argues that Family is the key concept that differentiates everything from liberals and conservatives. Cause auf the Nurturing Parent Model liberals do talk about social help and conservatives don’t. A nation = family  Liberals and conservatives use the same metaphors to talk about morality but with different, almost opposite, priorities. Family, conservative: Strong father modelFamily, liberal: Nurturant parent model These two models give rise to different moral systems and different discourse forms, that is different choices of words and different modes of reasoning
• What are adequacy conditions? PAGE 28 a
• The Language of Conservatism   Words don’t have meaning in isolationWords are defined relative to a conceptual systemIf liberals are to understand how conservatives use their words, they will have to understand the conservative conceptual system. “Why should the best be punished?” – the best = the richt, be punished = new tax. Liberals wouldn’t understand this at the very moment. Conservatives would. Worldviews have to explain why conservatives think this way and liberals think that wayThere will not be a single conservative or liberal worldview to fit all conservatives or all liberals. Conservativism and liberalism are radial categories. They have central models and variations on these models.    
• Conceptual metaphors Conceptual metaphors are part of our normal thought process We think by using conceptual systems that are not immediately accessible to conciousness 
• The problem of worldview. How and why do liberals and conservatives differ though using same metaphor? The conservative and liberal worldview are different. But both use family as one of their key concepts, as one of their central models. From this idea the rest of their ideas kind of derive. Since liberals have a rather nurturing, caring family image and conservatives are more traditional their ideas and suggestions in regards to policy are different. ---- What we have here are two different forms of family-based morality. What links them to politics is a common understanding of the nation as a family, with the government as parent. Thus, it is natural for liberals to see it as the function of the government to help people in need and hence to support social programs, while it is equally natural for conservatives to see the function of the government as requiring citizens to be self-disciplined and self reliant, and therefore, to help themselves.    
• Name and describe adequacy conditions First, the worldviews must make the collections of political stands on each side into two natural categories. For example, the liberal worldview analysis must explain why environmentalism, feminism, support for social programs, and progressive taxation fit naturally together for liberals, while the conservative worldview analysis must explain why their opposites fit together naturally for conservatives. Second, any adequate descriptions of these two world-views must show why the puzzles for liberals are not puzzles for conservatives, and conversely. As we shall see, this is anything but an easy problem and there are to my knowledge no previous solutions to it. But there is a third, far more demanding, adequacy condition on the characterization of conservative and liberal worldviews. Those worldviews must additionally ex-plain the topic choice, word choice, and discourse forms of conservatives and liberals. In short, those worldviews must explain just how conservative forms of reasoning make sense to conservatives, and the same for liberals. Moreover, they must explain why liberals and conservatives choose different topics to discuss and use different words in their discourse to discuss them. Furthermore they must explain why sometimes the same words have very different meanings when used by liberals and conservatives. As Rush Limbaugh is fond of saying, "Words have meanings." But they don't always have the same meanings to liberals and to conservatives, and where their meanings differ, those differences should be accounted for by differences in worldview. all three adequacy," conditions, a pair that (1) explains why certain stands on issues go together (e.g., gun control goes with social programs goes with pro-choice goes with environmentalism); (2) explains why the puzzles for liberals are not puzzles for conservatives, and conversely; and (3) explains topic choice, word choice, and forms of reasoning in conservative and liberal discourse. Those worldviews center on two opposing models of the family.

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