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• The Warburg effect describes the dependence of cancer cells on which metabolite? Gulcose -> Lactate
• List the four key steps in autophagy? 32 proteins needed →  ATG 1-21   1) INDUCTION -Under normal conditions mTOR inhibits autophagy. In contrast, under starvation mTOR gets inactivated and the ATg/ULK1 complex gets formed 2) Formation of AUTOPHAGOSOME - Formation of a double membrane (phagophore) that sequesters cytoplasm and organelles 3) DELIVERY to the LYSOSOME (docking and fusion) -only the outer membrane fuses 4) AUTOPHAGIC BREAKDOWN -lysosomal degradation  -Premease recycles the break down products into the cytoplasm -Reactivation of mTOR through an intrinsic feedback if enough nutrients are produced  
• Which Protein Kinase complex suppresses autophagy? →  mTORC1   
• List four types of selective autophagy? Mitophagy à Mitochondria -Pexophagy à Peroxisomes -Ribophagy à Ribosomes -Reticulophagy à Endoplasmatic Reticulum -Aggrephagy à Against (protein) aggregates -Xenophagy à Defense mechanism against bacteria, viruses, …   Selective autophagy →  cell grows phagophore around specific organelles
• Which Protein Kinase complex is essential for autophagy? Atg1/ULK1 complex – assembles as large protein-kinase compelx

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