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British Cultural Studies (Fach) / History (Lektion)
history!! history!!
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- Prehistory - 2000 years ago = Iron Age Celtic culture - throughout north-west european islands - sense of mystery - archtiecture of the period = Wiltshire (south-west Eng) --> Silbury Hill (largest burial mound in Europe) & Stonehenge
- Stonehenge - built = Salisbury Plain - 5,000 - 4,300 years ago - most famous/mysterious archaeological site - 200 miles from Wales - funtion = astronomical clock - used by Druids = ceremonies marking the passing of the seasons
- Roman Period (43 - 410) - roman province = present day england/wales - made use of the existing celtic culture / wanted them to adopt - never went to ireland - celtic tribe = Scots / Ireland --> Scotland - Picts and Scots (tribes) = opponents of the Romans - experienced Roman rule = britons (england / wales) - did not experience = (gaels in ireland / scotland) - romans left very little behind - most of their creations fell apart = villas, baths, temples, road network, Londinium (London) - only last remainder = Chester / Lancaster / Gloucester --> castra = latin for military camp
- Germanic Invasion (410 - 1066) - 5th = # of european tribes (mainland) invaded & settled in large #'s - Angles & Saxons (tribes) - Anglo-Saxons = south-east of country under control / new farming methods / formed self-sufficient villages / were pagan - west = was halted by army of Britons with King Arthur - end of 6th = way of life predominated all of present england - celtic culture & lang = only survived in present scotland, wales, cornwall - 6th / 7th = christianity spread (2 different directions) --> south england = intro. by Roman missionary St. Augustine & scotland / north england = intro by ireland (150 years earlier) - Roman Christianity took over - 8th = germanic invasion = Vikings (Scandinavia) - 9th = conqured / settled islands around scotland / coastal region of ireland / defeated by King Alfred of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex - end 10th = england was a united kingdom / with germanic culture
- 1066 - most famous date - 14.10 = invading army of Normandy defeated the English - Battle of Hastings - King Harold † - Christmas = Norman leader Duke William of Normandy crowned king - best known as William the Conqueror - last time england was successfully invaded
- The medial period (1066 - 1458) - brought into mainstream of western european culture - english kings also owned land on the continent / often at war with french kings - sctrict feudal system was imposed - great nobles, barons = responsible directly to the king / french speaking normans - lesser lords = owning a village / responsible directly to a baron / french speaking normans - peasants = mutual duties, obligations to a local lord / forbidden to travel without their permission / english speaking saxons - start of the english class system - made Anglo-Norman kingdom most powerful political force in Britain & Ireland - end of 13th = large part of east ireland & whole of wales controlled by anglo-norman lords - scotland = managed to stay poltically independent in the medieval period - 250 years after invasion = middle english became dominant one in all classes / anglo-saxon concept of common law formed basis of legal system - end of period = cultural split had developed between lowlands - word parliament = first used in 13th to describe an assembly of nobles called together by the king
- language and social class - after norman invasion = modern english has two words of larger farm animals - living animal (cow, pig, sheep) = anglo-saxon - animal you eat (beef, pork, mutton) = french
- The 16th century - bubonic plague = 1. outbreak in the middle of the 14th (Black Death) - killed 1/3 - periodically reappeared for 300 years - shortage of labour, increasing important of trade/towns = weakened traditional ties between lord & peasants - Tudor Dynasty (1485 - 1603) = system of government departments staffed by professionals who dependend for their position on the monarch - important for monarchs to get the agreement of the commons for their policies - rise of protestantism = King Henry VIII wanted a divorce, Pope would not give him / making himself head of the Church of England --> independent of Rome (all church land came under his control, gave him new large sources of income) + patriotic confidence in england - lost claim to lands in france = became more & more an island nation - increasing european exploration to america = england was closer to geographical centre of western civilization - shakespeare began writing - patriotism / religious conviction = cause Protestantism to become the majority religion in England = Anglicanism - lowlands of scotland = Calvinism (strict insistence on simplicity and dislike of ritual and celebration) - highlands of scotland + ireland = remained catholic
- The 17th Century - Stuart dynasty = James I (first King) / already James VI of scotland -crowns of england and scotland were united - government still separate - link between religion & politic became intense - start = ppl. tried to kill king - was not catholic enough - end = king was killed - seemed too catholic + another was forced into exiled (same reason) - Parliament = established supremacy over the monarchy - ideological protestantism = puritanism / grown in england --> Puritans = luxurious lifestyle of the king and his followers as immoral + anti-catholic+ suspicious of the apparent sympathy towards catholicsm of the stuart monarcj - conflict led to civil war = complete victory for the parliamentary forces / leader of the parliamentary army (Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector) - after Cromwell † = everything became unpopular / executed king's son was asked to return (became King Charles II) - conflict re-emerged = in King James II reign (King Charles II brother) - Glorious Revolution = Prince William of Orange (rule of Netherlands) + Stuart wife Mary accepted Parliaments invitation to become King & Queen --> parliament drew up bill of rights (limited monarchs power) - allowed Dissenters (protestants not agreeing wit anglicanism) to practice freely + not allowed to hold government posts or become members of parliament (MPs)
- The 18th century - 1707 = act of union passed - scottish parliament dissolved - former two kingdoms became = United Kingdom of Great Britain - scotland retained own system of law = more similar to continental european systems (still today so) - century = politically stable --> monarchs favourite politicans were given the power of patronage (give people jobs), were able to control elections, voting habits - division with parliament = Whigs (political descendants of the parliamentarians --> supported protestant values of hard work&thrift, sympathic to dissenters&believed in government by monarch&aristocracy) = Tories (respect for idea of monarchy&importance of anglican church)--> beginning of party system - radical change = highland of scotland (two fail attemots to put a (catholic) stuart monarch back on throne / after 2nd. many inhabitants were killed/sent away from britain&wearing the kilt was banned --> celtic way of life was destroyed) - cultural change = acquired an empire in america/west africa coast/ india & increased trade --> industrial revolution & technical innovations in manufacture/transport - england = growth of industrial mode of production --> land disappeared into more efficient farms & millions moved to urban areas & north england =most of the raw materials for industry - the north of england = became industrial heartland of the country - the south of england = London became a buisness and trading centre
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- The 19th century - britain lost its most important colonies in america = war of independence - start = war with france - end = controlled biggest empire world had ever seen + whole of remaining irish population switched to english as main lang. + colonization was seen as a matter of destiny - 1 section = ireland --> part of the UK itself / british culture&way of life came to predominate in Ireland = 1840 --> potato crop failed two years in a row + terrible famine - other part of empire = Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India (brits working there also stayed there for the rest of their lives/ developed their own distinct way of life), Large parts of Africa (except south africa) - growth of empire = encouraged by a change in attitude during cent. - britain became world's foremost economic power --> brits saw it is their duty to spread their own culture - changes in social structure = more people lived urban (twon/cities) + no dependence on country landowners + growing middle class of tradespeople/professionals held the real power of the land + set of value (hard work, thrift, religious observance, family, awareness of one's duty, honesty in public life, respectability in sexual matters --> Victorian) - slavery + laws against people were abolished - laws to protect ppl were created - public services = post & police began - writers&intellectuals protested against the horrors of this new life style or ignored them --> romantic poets praised countryside for beauty and virtue --> caused british ppl to create a sentimental attachment to the idea of the countryside
- The 20th Century - start = britain ceased to be the world's richest country + first 20 years were a period of extremism + urban working class (majority) began to make its voice heard --> labour party replaced the liberals (in parliament) --> trade unions organized themselves - Suffragettes = women demanding the right to vote --> were prepared to damage property&die for their beliefs) - army = some sections appeared ready to disobey the government over its policies concerning Ulster in Ireland - government = intro of new taxation was opposed - 1900 = general sense of prosperity combined with high long-term unemployment rate&concerns about an underclass + domestic servants (10% of workforce) - 1920 = issues has resolved - british empire = greatest extent in 1919 --> became more a confederation --> couple of years later Britain lost most of its oldest colonies - 1926 = trade unions held a general strike - 1930s - 1980s = Trades Union Congress single most powerful force outside the institutions of government and parliament --> since then working class faded as a political force - 1950s = generally understood that a conference of the world's greatest powers involved the USA, Soviet Union, Britain + domestic servants (3% of workforce and falling) - 1962 = Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved w/o britain - 1974 = island of Cyprus (former colony) invaded by turkey - 1997 = britain handed Hong Kong back to China (losing its last imperial possession of significant size) - 2000 = domestic servants (back up at 8% and increasing) --> more women working full-time