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Cognitive Neuroscience (Fach) / Language (Lektion)
Language - not finished
Diese Lektion wurde von Habana erstellt.
Diese Lektion ist leider nicht zum lernen freigegeben.
- Dissociate language from non-linguistic communication. Language contains recursive and hierarchically organized symbol sequences, rather than symbol-object associations alone (as is the case with non-languistic communication).
- What is regulated by symbols, syntactic and semantic rules? Symbols make reference to world knowledge, syntactic rules regulate sequencing of and relations between words, and semantic rules regulate relations between words and word knowledge.
- Explain the results of the study of Goodall et al. (1986). Apes cannot learn American Sign Language as it includes the organization of recursive, hierarchically sequenced symbols and not merely the learning of symbol-object associations (the latter which can be learned by monkeys).
- Explain the study of Fitch and Hauser (2004). Artificial syntax learning: Students and apes had to learn either a finite state grammar (AB)^n or a phrase structure grammar A^nB^n and were tested with rule conform or rule deviating sequences. Students had to rate the correctness of the sequence. For monkeys this was inferred from the monkeys’ orienting reactions. Results confirm that only humans can learn and discriminate recursive and hierarchically ordered symbol sequences.
- Name methods and tools used in neuroscience to study language. Psycholinguistic experiments, Lesion analysis, Eye movements (e.g. longer fixation times for unexpected or unusual words), Recording of biosignals.
- Name supramodal, language specific regions in the brain. Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), Superior temporal gyrus (STG), Middle temporal gyrus (MTG), Broca’s area (BA 44/45), Wernicke’s area (BA 22/42).
- Differentiate Broca’s aphasia from Wernicke’s aphasia. Broca’s aphasia: Non-fluent, disturbed and effortful articulation, speechlessness, repetition of phonemes, impaired repetition performance. Wernicke’s aphasia: Fluent speech without articulation deficits, neologisms, anomia, impaired comprehension, impaired repetition performance.
- What structural connectivities exist between the language cortices? What is their primary function? Dorsal pathway I: pSTG to premotor cortex (BA 6), sound-to-articulation mapping Perani et al. (2011, DTI): phonological based language learning Dorsal pathway II: pSTG to BA 44, higher level language processing Perani et al. (2011, DTI): syntactically based language learning, fully developed between ages of 6 to 8. Ventral pathway I: STG to BA 45, sound-to-meaning mapping Ventral pathway II: STG to FOP, sound-to-meaning mapping
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