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Abdomen (Fach) / Abdomen (Lektion)

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• Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms? Insulinomas. Gastrinomas. VIPomas. Somatostatinomas. Glucagonomas.
• Pancreatic exocrine neoplasms? Adenocarcinoma. Cystic pancreatic neoplasms (microcystic adenoma, mucinous cystic neoplasms). Cystic teratomas.
• Low attenuation pancreatic mass with dilated loops of bowel? VIPoma.
• Interposition of the hepatic fleure between the dome of the liver and the right hemidiaphragm? Chilaiditi sign.
• Extracolonic sequelae of ulcerative colitis? Hepatitis. Sclerosing cholangitis. Cholangiocarcinoma. Sacroilitis. Ankylosing spondylitis.
• Neutropenic colitis (pericecal)? Typhlitis.
• Gardner syndrome? Intestinal adenomatous polyps with osteomas of the skull or long bones. Epidermoid cysts. Fibromatosis.
• Turcot syndrome? Medulloblastoma. Glioblastoma multiforme. Family polyposis.
• Most common appendiceal tumor? Carcinoid tumor.
• Pneumatosis cystoides coli? Asymptomatic, large round air collections in colon wall (iatrogenic mucosal injury).
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• Pneumatosis intestinalis causes? Infectious colitis. Necrotizing colitis. Bowel infarction. Typhlitis. Toxic megacolon.
• Most common site for intussusception in colon? Ileocecal.
• Rare condition with mucinous cysts in colon wall? Colitis cystica profunda.
• Term for sensation of a lump in the throat? Globus.
• Nasopharyngeal reflux is prevented by the soft palate apposing the posterior pharyngeal wall, known as the? Passavant cushion or pad.
• Functional abnormalities of the pharynx in barium swallows? Nasopharyngeal reflux. Laryngeal penetration. Tracheal aspiration. Cricopharyngeal achalasia. Cricopharyngeal hypertrophy.
• Major structural abnormalities of the pharynx on barium swallow? (mindestens 4) Strictures. Webs. Diverticula (Zenker [pharygoesophageal]). Lateral pharyngeal pouches. Lateral pharyngeal diverticula.
• For an esophagram, if esophageal rupture is suspected what contrast should be used? Water-soluble contrast.
• For an esophagram, if aspiration or a tracheo-esophageal fistula is suspected what contrast should be used? Barium. water-soluble contrast should be avoided for it can cause pulmonary edema.
• What does the Z-line represent? Zigzagging transition zone between squamous epithilium to columnar.
• Describe proximal escape in esophagography? Occurs when a primary contraction wave pushes barium caudally but at the mid third of the esophagus it breaks with regression of the bolus proximally
• Tertiary contraction waves? Nonpropulsive contractions of muscularis propria seen as indentations at the margins of the esophagus which occur locally or over large segments.
• Feline esophagus differential? Normal variant. Scleroderma. GER.
• Incomplete relaxation of the LES because of neuronal degeneration? Achalasia.
• Diffuse esophageal spasm characteristics? Severe tertiary contractions following 30% of swallows. Corckscrew appearance at -ray.
• Primary versus secondary achalasia? Primary, no known source. Secondary, known source (neoplasm, Chagas disease).
• Chagas disease? South American Trypanosoma cruzi destroys myenteric plexus of esophagus and colon. Causes myocarditis and cardiac aneurysms.
• Progressive systemic sclerosis effect on esophagus? Muscular atrophy and collagen deposition of distal 2/3 of esophagus resulting in reflux.
• VACTERL congenital anomaly mnemonic? Vertebral. Anal atresia. Cardiac. Tracheoesaphageal fistula/esophageal atresia. Renal agenesis/dysplasia. Limb.
• 2 most common vascular rings to effect to the esophagus? Double aortic arch. Aberrant left subclavian artery.
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• Describe course of aberrant left subclavian artery? Last branch of right aortic arch that usually passes behind the esophagus to ascend on the left.
• Describe course of aberrant right subclavian artery? Last branch of left aortic arch that usually passes behind the esophagus to ascend on the right.
• Describe course of pulmonary sling? Left pulmonary artery arises from right pulmonary artery and courses between the trachea and esophagus.
• 2 types of hiatal hernias? Sliding hiatal hernia (GE j moves). Paraesophageal hernia (GE j stable, cardia moves).
• A-ring? Muscular/contractile ring at the tubulovestibular junction.
• B-ring? Mucosal ring, ridge of tissue at the squamosal-columnar junction of the distal esophagus.
• Schatzki ring? Pathologic B-ring that can result in dysphagia (inflamed B-ring from reflux).
• Barrett esophagus? Metaplastic replacement of squamous epithelium with columnar above normal Z-line secondary to longstanding reflux.
• Common esophagitides? Esophageal candidiasis (shaggy mucosa). Herpes esophagitis (discrete ulcers). Cytomegalovirus esophagitis (larger ulcers). HIV esophagitis (largest ulcers).
• Benign esophageal neoplasms? Leiomyoma. Fibrovascular polyp. Squamous papilloma.
• Malignant esophageal neoplasms? (7 Stück) SCC. Adenocarcinoma. Lymphoma. Kaposi sarcoma. Spindle-cell carcinoma. Leiomyosarcoma. Metastases.
• Common location for Booerhave esophagus perforation? Left posterior lateral wall of distal esophagus just proximal to the gastroesophageal junction.
• Esophageal bypass surgical techniques? Gastric pull-through (esophagogastrectomy). Colonic interposition.
• Structural abnormalities of the small intestine? Atresia (jejunum, ileum > duodenum). Jejunoileal stenosis. Enteric duplication cyst. Malrotation. Meckel diverticula. Diverticula. Small bowel obstruction. Small bowel hernias. Adhesions. Adynamic ileus.
• Common causes of small bowel obstruction? Adhesions. Hernias. Neoplasms. Intussusception. Volvulus. Foreign bodies. Inflammatory process.
• Prestenotic phase of Crohn disease, findings? Blunting, flattening, distortion, straightening, and thickening of mucosal folds.
• Other prestenotic changes of Crohn disease? Apthous erosions. Cobblestoning. Inflammatory pseudopolyps. Postinflammatory polyps. Skip lesions. Pseudodiverticula.
• Small bowel infection that can mimick appendicitis clinically and Crohn disease radiographically? Yersiniosis at terminal ileum.
• Small bowel infection of middle aged men with malabsorption, fever, weight loss, chronic uveitis, endocardiits, arthralgia, lymphadenpathy, and skin pigmentation? Whipple disease.
• Diffuse intestinal disease? Menetrier disease. Intestinal lymphangiectasia. Mastocytosis. Radiation enteritis. Progressive systemic sclerosis. Celiac disease. Graft-versus-host disease. Ischemic enteritis.

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