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FINAL IBM (Fach) / IBM (Lektion)

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• XXXX, showing impatience, frustration, irritation, or anger disrupts harmony and is considered rude and offensive In East Asian cultures
• Asians tend to be soft-spoken, and people typically are sensitive to context and nonverbal cues (body language).
• XXXX (1) each person emphasizes his or her own self- interest; (2) competition for resources is the norm; (3) individuals who compete best are rewarded (e.g. Australia, Britain, Canada, and the U.S.). In individualistic societies:
• XXXXX (1) ties among individuals are important; (2) business is conducted in a group context; (3) life is a fundamentally cooperative experience; (4) conformity and compromise help maintain harmony (e.g. China, Panama, Japan, South Korea). In collectivist societies:
• XXXX describes how a society deals with inequalities in power that exist among people. Power Distance
• XXXX exhibit big gaps between the weak and powerful; In firms, top management tends to be autocratic, giving little autonomy to lower-level employees (e.g. Guatemala, Malaysia, Philippines, and several Middle East countries). High power distance societies
• XXXX have small gaps between the weak and powerful; Firms tend toward flat organizational structures, with relatively equal relations between managers and workers (e.g. Scandinavian countries, Denmark and Sweden, instituted various systems to ensure socioeconomic equality; the U.S. also scores relatively low on power distance). Low power distance societies
• XXXX refers to the extent to which people can tolerate risk and uncertainty in their lives. Uncertainty avoidance
• XXXXX create institutions to minimize risk and ensure security. Firms emphasize stable careers and regulate worker actions. Decisions are made slowly (e.g. Belgium, France, Japan). High uncertainty avoidance societies
• XXXXX, managers are relatively entrepreneurial and comfortable with risk. Firms make decisions quickly. People are comfortable changing jobs (e.g. Ireland, Jamaica, U.S.). In low uncertainty avoidance societies
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• XXXX refers to a society’s orientation based on traditional male and female values. Masculinity vs. Femininity
• xxxx value competitiveness, ambition, assertiveness, and the accumulation of wealth. Both men and women are assertive, focused on career and earning money (e.g. Australia, Japan). Masculine cultures
• XXXX emphasize nurturing roles, interdependence among people, and caring for less fortunate people – for both men and women (e.g. Scandinavian countries where welfare systems are highly developed, and education is subsidized). Feminine cultures
• XXXXXX describes the degree to which people and organizations defer gratification to achieve long-term success. Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation
• XXX emphasizes the long view in planning and living, focusing on years and decades (e.g. traditional Asian cultures, such as China, Japan, and Singapore, which base these values on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (500 B.C.), who espoused long-term orientation, discipline, hard work, education, and emotional maturity). Long-term orientation
• XXX is typical in the U.S. and most other Western countries. Short-term orientation
• An XXXXXX is an expression whose symbolic meaning is different from its literal meaning (It is a phrase you cannot understand by knowing only what the individual words in the phrase mean). idiom
• XXXX represent a person’s judgment about what is good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, and normal or abnormal.→ Values guide the development of attitudes and preferences. Values
• XXXX are similar to opinions but are often “unconsciously held” and may not have rational basis. Attitudes
• XXXXX are rigidly held attitudes, usually unfavorable and usually aimed at particular groups of people. Prejudices
• In xXXXX, managers focus on the task at hand and prefer getting down to business, preferring seal agreements with legalistic contract, and take an impersonal approach to settling disputes. deal-oriented cultures
• XXXXX emphasizes affiliations with people, seeking to build trust and get to know the other party in business transactions. Relationship oriented cultures
• XXXXX are ways of behaving and conducting oneself in public and business situations. Manners and customs
• XXXX is a virtue and time is money. → Managers and investors are impatient and want quick return (Company performance is measured quarterly). Punctuality
• Young cultures like Australia, Canada, and the U.S. have a XXXXXX – a rigid orientation in which the individual is focused on schedules, punctuality, and time as a resource. “Monochronic” view of time
• However, some cultures have a XXXXXX– a flexible, nonlinear orientation to time, whereby the individual takes a long-term perspective and emphasizes human relationships. “Polychronic” perspective on time
• XXXx is a system of common beliefs or attitudes concerning a higher being or a system of thought that people consider to be sacred, divine, or the highest truth. Religion
• XXXXXX is the indigenous dominant religion of South Asia, especially India. → Hindus believe in reincarnation, a cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth; The nature of actions taken during one’s lifetime, karma, determines future destiny; Karma implies that people are born into a social level, or caste, because of their good or bad deeds in earlier lives Hinduism
• XXXXX is both religion and philosophy that encompasses various traditions and practices, common to Asia, especially China and Japan. → Buddhism promotes harmony and peaceful relations with others, encourages tolerance for others and mutual cooperation. → It is seen to support ethical and responsible behavior in business. Buddhism
• Often described as the expression or mirror of culture,XXXXX is not only essential for communications, it also provides insights into culture (The world has nearly 7,000 active languages). language
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• In much of the world, English tends to dominate cross-national commerce. → However, buyers always prefer appeals offered in their native tongue. → XXXXX is a great asset in IB because it facilitates cross- cultural communications and understanding. Linguistic proficiency
• Language has both XXXXX characteristics, and much language is unspoken and entails facial expressions and gestures (Language is extremely subtle). verbal and nonverbal
• XXXXX are a key determinants of culture and cultural change. → Communications, information, and transportation technologies have increased people’s ability to learn about and connect with unfamiliar cultures. Technological advances
• . Clearly, globalization is a major factor in XXXXXX (Movies and TV shows promote the convergence of customs, fashions, and other manifestations of culture). the emergence of a common worldwide culture
• Cultural homogeneity and heterogeneity are not mutually exclusive alternatives or substitutes; they may exist simultaneously. → Globalization brings a XXXXX to consumers and increase XXXXX within society. wider choices ----- diversity
• XXXX are more important than pure information because skills can be transferred across countries, while information is often country-specific. Skills
• XXXX Avoid ethnocentric assumptions, i.e. self-reference criterion – the tendency to view other cultures through the lens of your own culture. Avoid cultural bias:
• One way for managers to determine the skills they need to approach cultural issues is to measure their XXXXX, a person’s ability to function effectively in situations characterized by cultural diversity, focusing on specific capabilities important for high-quality personal relationships and effectiveness in culturally diverse settings and work groups. cultural intelligence (CQ)
• XXXX (Country-Specific Advantage) describes superior features of a country that provide unique benefits in global competition, typically derived from either natural endowment or deliberate national policies. Comparative Advantage
• Comparative advantage includes XXXXx, such as labor, climate, arable land, and petroleum reserves. inherited resources
• Other types are XXXXX such as entrepreneurial orientation, availability of venture capital, and innovative capacity acquired over time,
• XXXX describes organizational assets and competencies that are difficult for competitors to imitate and thus help firms enter and succeed in foreign markets. Competitive Advantage (Firm-Specific Advantage)
• XXXX has fostered a new type of competition – a race among nations to reposition themselves as attractive for business and investment. Globalization of markets
• At both the firm and national levels, competitive advantage and technological advances grow out of XXXX, such as developing new product designs, new production processes, new approaches to marketing, new ways of organizing or training, etc. innovation
• The more innovative firms in a nation, the stronger the nation’s competitive advantage. → Innovation also promotesXXXXX, the value of the output produced by a unit of labor or capital. productivity
• . A firm starts out in a XXXX and is preoccupied with business in its home market domestic focus phase
• The firm advances to the XXX, often because it receives unsolicited product orders from abroad pre-export stage
• The firm advances to the XXXX by initiating limited international activity, typically in the form of basic exporting. experimental involvement stage
• Managers undertake XXXt in IB through systematic exploration of international options and the commitment of managerial time and resources to achieving international success. active involvement
• Ultimately management may advance to the XXXXX, characterized by genuine interest and commitment of resources to making IB a key part of the firm’s profit-making and value-chain activities, targeting numerous foreign markets via various entry modes, especially FDI. committed involvement stage

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