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Strategy (Fach) / 2 (Lektion)

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• Sovereignty, the ability of a nation to govern its own affairs, is a fundamental principle that underlies global relations. Loss of national sovereignty
• Offshoring is the relocation of manufacturing and other value-chain activities to cost-effective locations abroad, resulting in job losses in numerous mature economies. Offshoring
• Labor exploitation (child labor) and sweatshop conditions by MNEs are major concerns in many developing economies, however, consideration must be given to the other choices available to people in those countries. Effect on the poor
• Economic development and industrialization have “long-term implications” for sustaining natural environment Effect on sustainability and the natural environment
• Globalization exerts strong pressure on national culture. → Market liberalization opens the door to foreign companies, global brands, unfamiliar products, and new values. Effect on national culture:
• Information and communications technologies speed the XXXXXX (i.e. lifestyles of people in the U.S. and other advanced economies). homogenization of world cultures
• While a degree of XXXXX may be at work, it is offset by the countertrend of local nationalism. cultural imperialism
• That is, although some tangibles are becoming more universal, people’s behaviors and mind-sets remain relatively stable over time. → For instance, XXXXX are strong as ever. Language differences are steadfast across national borders. religious differences
• In recent years, experts have suggested that the most effective way to alleviate African poverty is to employ XXXXXX → International trade and investment are helping to address many of Africa’s most pressing development needs. business-based models.
• The initiator of an IB transactions, which conceives, designs, and produces offerings intended for consumption by customers worldwide . A Focal Firm
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• A specialist firm that provides various logistics and marketing services for focal firms as part of international supply chains, both in the home country and abroad (e.g. retailers, independent distributors, sales representatives). A Distribution Channel Intermediary:
• A firm or an individual with special expertise in banking, legal advise, customs clearance, or related support services that assists focal firms in the performance of IB transactions. Facilitator:
• They are active in IB as suppliers, buyers, and regulators (The recent global financial crisis led governments to step up their involvement in business, especially as regulators). . Governments
• account for a substantial portion of economic value added in many countries, even rapidly liberalizing emerging markets such as Russia, China, and Brazil. State–owned enterprises
• Businesses that purchase finished goods for the purpose of resale; Retailers
• Businesses, institutions, and governments (nonprofit organizations) that purchase goods and services as inputs to a production process or as supplies needed to run a business or organization Organizational Buyers
• XXXX is a large company with substantial resources that performs various business activities through a network of subsidiaries and affiliates located in multiple countries (e.g. Fortune Global 500). MNE
• are manufacturers or service providers with fewer than 500 employees, making up the majority of companies active in IB. SMEs
• Just as the number of MNEs based in the US and Japan has declined steadily during the 2000s, the number of MNEs based in Brazil, China, India, and Russia has risen . Emerging Market MNEs
• represent a relatively new breed of international SME – those that undertake early and substantial internationalization. → Some successful born globals grow large enough to become large multinational firms (e.g. QualComm). Born global firms
• The emergence of born globals is associate withXXXXX , in which innovative, smaller firms pursue business opportunities everywhere, regardless of national borders. international       entrepreneurship
• XXXX refers to the learned, shared, and lasting orientation patterns in a society. → People demonstrate their culture through value, ideas, attitudes, behaviors, and symbols. Culture
• Culture represents one of the four risks of IB (Ch.1) and XXXXXXXX is a situation or event in which a cultural misunderstanding puts some human value at risk. ← Misunderstanding and miscommunication arise because people have differing values and expectations cross-cultural risk
• Cross-cultural risk can be triggered by an XXXXXXX (one’s own race, religion, or ethnic group is somehow superior to others) – using our own culture as the standard for judging other cultures. → Obstacle to cultural understanding. ethnocentric orientation
• XXXXX refers to a host-country mind-set in which the manager develops a strong affinity with the country in which she/he conducts business. Polycentric orientation
• XXXXXX refers to a global mind-set in which the manager is able to understand a business or market without regard to country boundaries. → It is like a cognitive orientation that combines an openness to, and awareness of, “diversity” across cultures. Geocentric orientation
• TheXXXXXXX is another manifestation of globalization. → While people worldwide maintain traditional cultural values, common norms and expectations of behavior are gradually emerging, and many universal values apply to cross-cultural encounters. “cross-cultural integration of firms”
• XXXXX refers to the process of learning the rules and behavioral patterns to one’s given society. → It is cultural learning and provides the means to acquire cultural understandings and orientations shared by a particular society. Socialization   
• XXXX is the process of adjusting and adapting to a culture other than one’s own. Acculturation
• Employees are socialized into three cultures: (1) National culture; (2) Professional Culture; and (3) Corporate culture.
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• Most companies have a distinctive set of norms, values, and modes of behavior that distinguish them from other organizations. → Two firms from the same country can have vastly different XXXXX organizational cultures
• Context (the information surrounding an event) strongly influences culture, especially communication behavior. High-and Low-Context Cultures (E. T. Hall):
• XXXXXXX rely on elaborate verbal expressions, putting great emphasis on spoken words, and placing central importance on delivering verbal messages. → Communication is direct and explicit, and meaning is straightforward (using specific, legalistic contracts to conclude agreements). Low-context cultures
• XXXXX emphasize nonverbal message and view communication as a means to promote smooth, harmonious relationships, preferring indirect and polite face-saving style that emphasizes a mutual sense of care and respect for others. High-context cultures
• SMEs often target specialized products to XXXXXX too small to interest large MNEs. ← Smaller market niches
• An important facilitator is the logistics service provider, XXXXXXX that arranges for physical distribution and storage of products on behalf of focal firms, as well as controlling information between the point of origin and the point of consumption (e.g. DHL, FedEx, UPS, TNT). a transportation specialist
• In marketing, the wide variation in attitudes and values requires that many firms use different XXXXX(i.e. product, price, promotion, place [distribution]) in different markets. marketing mixes

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