35

IBM (Fach) / IBM (Lektion)

Diese Lektion wurde von YannikM erstellt.

Lektion lernen

Diese Lektion ist leider nicht zum lernen freigegeben.

zurück  |  weiter 1 / 1

• Intense economic, political, and personal interconnectedness between countries, companies, and consumers Globalization
• Ongoing “economic” integration and growing interdependency of countries worldwide. Globalization of markets
• Tendency of companies to systematically increase the international dimension of their business activities. Internationalization
• Performance of trade and investment activities by firms “across” national borders (i.e. cross-border business). International Business
• Exchange of products and services across national borders. International Trade
• an entry strategy involving the sale of products or services to customers located abroad, from a base in the home country or a third country Exporting
• the procurement of products or services from suppliers located abroad for consumption in the home country or a third country Importing
• Transfer of assets (e.g. capital, technology, managerial talent, manufacturing infra structure, etc.) to another country or acquisition of assets in that country International Investment
• Passive ownership of foreign securities (e.g. stocks, bonds, etc.) for the purpose of generating financial returns. → It doesn’t entail active management or control over these assets. International Portfolio Investment
• An internationalization strategy in which the firm establishes a physical presence abroad through acquisition of productive assets (e.g. land, plant, equipment, capital, technology, etc.). FDI (Foreign Direct Investment)
• Anzeige
• is a foreign market-entry strategy that gives investors partial or full ownership of a productive enterprise: Ultimate stage of internationalization FDI
• A situation or event where a cultural misunderstanding puts some human value at stake, resulting from differences in language, life-style, mind-sets, customs, and religion. 1. Cross-Cultural Risk:
• due to cultural differences gives rise to inappropriate business strategies and ineffective business relations with customers. Misscommunication
• Potentially adverse effects on company operations and profitability caused by developments in the political, legal, and economic environment in a foreign country. Country Risk (Political Risk):
• The risk of adverse fluctuations in exchange rates (the value of one currency in terms of another). Currency Risk (Financial Risk):
• The firm’s potential loss or failure from poorly developed or executed strategies, tactics, or procedures. Commercial Risk:
• A large company with substantial resources that performs various business activities through a network of subsidiaries and affiliates located in multiple countries Multinational Enterprise (MNE or MNC): 
• An SME is a company with 500 or fewer employees, as defined in Canada and the US (In the EU, firms with 250 or fewer employees). Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs): 
• A young entrepreneurial company that initiates international business activity very early in its evolution, moving rapidly into foreign markets. → Born globals are found in advanced economies and in emerging markets. Born Global Firm
• In addition to “profit-seeking” focal firms, governments are central participants in IB (e.g. government intervention, political systems). Also, numerous NGOs conduct cross-border activities either to conduct their activities or to raise funds for education, research, health care, human development, natural environment, . Governments and Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs):
• (e.g. developments in information, manufacturing, and transportation technologies as well as the Internet) have facilitated rapid and early internationalization of countless firms. Technological Advances
• the sequence of value-adding activities performed by the firm in the course of developing, producing, marketing and servicing a product value-chain
• Barriers to the cross-border flow of factors of production (i.e. capital, labor) are removed. Common market
• The twin trends of market globalization and technological advances permit firms to more readily engage in both marketing and procurement activities on a “global scale
• Internationally active firms devise multi-country operations through trade, investment, geographic dispersal of company resources, and integration and coordination of “value-chain” . Integration and Interdependence of National Economies
• extends economic activities across the globe and is fostering interconnectedness among world economies. The globalization of capital
• Major brands have gained a global following, encouraged by greater international travel, movies, global media, and the Internet which expose people to products, services, and living patterns from around the world. Convergence of Consumer Lifestyles and Preferences
• Companies strive to drive down prices through economies of scale: (1) by standardizing what they sell, and (2) by shifting manufacturing and procurement to foreign locations with inexpensive labor. Globalization of Production:
• Firms increasingly outsource business processes and other services in the value chain to vendors located abroad. Globalization of Services:
• The tendency of national governments to reduce trade and investment barriers (i.e. tariffs) + (2) WTO and (3) regional economic blocs facilitated reduction of trade barriers. Worldwide reduction of barriers to trade and investment
• Anzeige
• Privatization of previously state-owned industries has encouraged economic efficiency and attracted massive foreign capital into their national economies (e.g. the collapse of the Soviet Union’s economy, China’s free market reform, market-based reforms in Asian economies). . Market liberalization and adoption of free markets:
• Industrialization implies that emerging markets (rapidly developing economies in Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe) are moving from being low value-adding commodity producers, dependent on low-cost labor, to sophisticated competitive producers and exporters of premium products (e.g. electronics, computers, aircraft). Industrialization, economic development, and modernization
• Financial market integration makes it possible for internationally active firms to raise capital, borrow funds, and engage in foreign currency transactions, contributing to firms’ abilities to develop and operate world- scale production and marketing-operations. Integration of world financial markets
• Technological advances are a remarkable facilitator of cross-border trade and investment (the means for globalization to happen), making international operations affordable for all types of firms through IT, communications, manufacturing, and transportation Advances in technology:
• The tendency of a financial or monetary crisis in one country to spread rapidly to other countries, due to the ongoing integration of national economies. Contagion:

zurück  |  weiter 1 / 1