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Literary and Cultural Studies (Fach) / Discourse Oriented Narratology (Lektion)
- Frank Stanzel - A Theory of Narrative (1984): Three constitutive elements of narrative situations Mode: teller: may or may not be a character in the story, makes the narrative act more or less explicit reflector: insight into one or more characters' heads, events reflected through consciousness, no narrational comment Person: identity of realms of existence; often first-person narrator, inside fictional world; i.e. does exist for other characters non-identity of the realms of existence; outside fictional world; i.e. does not exist for other characters Perspective (Point of view) internal perspective; limited point of view external perspective: omniscience
- Frank Stanzel - A Theory of Narrative (1984): Three Narrative Situations authorial narrative situation: dominance of external perspective first-person narrative situation; dominance of identity in the story-world figural narrative situation: dominance of reflector mode
- Gérard Genette: Narrative Levels extradiegetic level: first level of any narrative there is no narrative without an etxradiegetic level intradiegetic level: second level anything that is narrated is situated on the intradiegetic level (i.e. all characters, events, etc) metadiegetic level (third level): narrative within narrative, i.e. narrative told by a character
- Gérard Genette: Narrative Levels - Relation of Narrator to Narrative extradiegetic heterodiegetic narrator: has no relation to other characters of the story does not exist within the story world extradiegetic homodiegetic narrator: has a relation to other characters of the story (is visible) exists within the story world but is not necessarily the protagonist of the story autodiegetic: sub-category of homodiegetic: a character tells his/her own story
- Gérard Genette: Focalization: "Who sees?" zero focalization: there is no single focus but as many foci as the narrator chooses; perspective from outside as well as inside internal focalization: one focus through the eyes of a character on the intradiegetiv level, limited perspective, focus on what the character sees fixed internal focalization: only one, unchanging focalizer variable intrenal focalization: changing focalizers among different characters of the story multiple internal focalization: same event presented through eyes of different characters external focalization: focalizer on the extradiegetiv level, no interpretation of situations, mere narration of objects
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