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English Literary Studies (Fach) / Poetry Analysis (Lektion)

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• Assonance Congruence of vowels "Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay" (Phonological Figure)
• Consonance Congruence of consonants  "The buzzing of innumerable bees" (Phonological Figure)
• Alliteration Succession of words with the same initial sounds  "Lay like a load on my weary eye" (Phonological Figure) 
• Onamatopeia Use of words to imitate sounds  "Zip, buzz" (Phonological Figure)
• Anadiplosis Repetition of the end of the preceding line at the beginning of the next  "And gentle wish long subdued/Subdued and cherished long"  (Morphological Figure)
• Archaism Use of old words "There was a shi,' quoth he" (Morphological Figure)
• Polyptoton Repetition of a word in different inflected forms "And singing still dost soar, and soaring ever singest." (Morphological Figure)
• Figura etymologica Repetition of two words with same root "... most horrod sight seen by thy watch." (Morphological Figure)
• Anaphora Repetition of a word or clause at the beginning of successive lines  "Some glory in their birth, some in their skill,/Some in their wealth..." (Morphological Figure)
• Epiphora Repetition of a word or clause at the end of successive lines "Daring as never befor, wastage as nerver befor" (Morphological Figure)
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• Parallelism Repetition of in the structure of clauses, phrases etc " Easy come, easy go." (Syntactical Figure)
• Chiasmus Cross-wise arrangement of elements  "Fair is foul, and foul is fair"  (Syntactical Figure)
• Asyndeton Unusual omission of conjunctions "All whom war, death, age agues, tyannies,despair..." (Syntactical Figure)
• Polysyndeton Use of many conjunctions  "When you are old and grey and full of sleep" (Syntactical Figure)
• Ellipsis Omission of a word or phase  "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" (Syntactical Figure)
• Inversion Reversal of normal word order "Strange fits of passion have I known" (Syntactical Figure)
• Catachresis Mixed metaphor, incompatible imagery "Take arms against a sea of troubles" (Semantic Figure)
• Pleonasm Unnecessary accumulation of expressions that mean the same thing, tautology "I have a daughter, have while she is mine."  (Semantic Figure)
• Oxymoron Combination of incongruous words  "O! heavy lightness! Serious vanity!/ Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms" (Semantic Figure)
• Synaesthesia Illogical combination of sense-impressions "Have you ever seen such a beautiful sound" (Semantic Figure)
• Personification Attribution of human characteristics to a thing or an abstraction  "Because I could not stop for Death/he knidly stopped for me." (Semantic Figure)
• Metonymy Replacement of one term with another to which it is related  To read Shakespeare  (Semantic Figure)
• Synecdoche Replacement of a part with a whole or vice versa  Their were many new faces at the meeting  (Semantic Figure)
• Antithesis Juxtaposition of two logically opposed elements  "By force to ravish, or by fraud betray" (Semantical Figure)
• Apostrophe Addressing an absent person or personified object "O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being" (Pragmatic Figure)
• Rhetorical Question Question that has no obvious answer  "Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions...?" (Pragmatic Figure)
• Irony Statement that expresses the obvious of what is literally stated  "Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera." (Pragmtic Figure)
• Metaphor A figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things or objects that are poles apart from each other but have some characteristics common between them “She is all states, and all princes, I.”This line demonstrates the speaker’s belief that he and his beloved are richer than all states, kingdoms, and rulers in the entire world because of the love that they share. (Semantic Figure) Book: the characteristics of a particular vehicle are transferred to a tenor without being mediated by a comparative particle  "The apparition of these faces in the crowd;petals on a wet, black bough."
• Similie Makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as”. Therefore, it is a direct comparison "Our soldiers are as brave as lions" (Semantic Figure) Book: one thing is likened to another by means of a pomparative particle "My love is like a red, red rose" 
• Metre: Iamb xXxXxX "To be or not to be"
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• Metre: Trochee XxXxXx "Go and catch a failling star"
• Metre: Dactylus XxxXxx (waltz) "Just for a handful of silver he left us"
• Metre: Anapest xxXxxX "For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams"
• Metre: Spondee XXXX Rocks, caves, lakes, fens, bogs, dens
• Formes of Poetry Ballad Limerick Haiku Sonnet
• Forms of Poetry: Ballad Quatrain, alternating tri- and tetrameter
• Forms of Poetry: Limerick 5 lines, aabba
• Forms of Poetry: Haiku 3 lines, 5-7-5 syllables
• Forms of Poetry: Sonnet Petrarchan: two quatrains, two tercets (abba abba cde cde)Shakespearean: three quatrains, one couplet (abab cdcd efef gg)
• Synonym Repetition by the replacement of the one word with another of the same meaning For thee I watch, whilst thou dost wake elsewhere 
• Euphemism Reference to something by means of a milder, more positive term  "You can't believe that British troops retire
• Hyperbole Use of (excessive) exaggeration "A hundred years should go to praise Thine eyes [...]."
• Paradox An apparemtly contradictory statement which, on close inspection, is found to be true  "We die and rise the same"

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