Englisch (Fach) / Literary Studies (Lektion)

Poetry, Narrative, Literary Studies, History, analysis, wrtiting a term paper

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• Division of Poetry lyric and narrative poetry
• key characteristics of poetry artificially structured (lines arranged by the author) based on repetition/ variations of similar elements every word has to be understood to understand the poem sounds and rhythm - like music; look and listen for structures can make sense on the level of sound and level of sound (can be connected)
• metre 2 - 7 iamb: U - "the man"; trochee: - U "heaven"; anapaest: UU- "anapaest"; dactyl: -UU "Daktylus" - = stressed syllable vs. U = unstressed syllable 2 dimeter 3 trimeter 4 tetrameter 5 pentameter 6 hexameter 7 heptameter
• different types of rhymes end rhymes: couplet (aa bb) alternating rhyme (ab ab) envelope rhyme (a bb a) tail rhyme (abc abc) masculine rhyme: last syllable stressed in two lines (man - fan) feminine rhyme: stressed unstressed in two lines (gender - bender) triple rhyme: parallels three syllables (treacherous - leacherous) identical rhyme: includes the consonants befor the vowel (know - no) eye-rhyme: looks similar, but sounds different (move - dove) half-rhymes: consonance: connects two words by identical consonants (loads - lids)                      assonance: connects two words by identical vowels (foam - moan) internal rhyme: Binnenreim (east, west, home's best)
• sentences in verses enjambement = run-on line end-stopped line
• form of English sonnet Elizabethan sonnet 14 lines 3 quatrains + 1 final couplet (with the summery/ conclusion) 16th century
• form of Italian sonnet Petrachan sonnet 14 lines 2 quatrains (octave) + 2 tercets (sestet) abba abba cde cde / cdc dcd / cdc dee 13th century
• various types of poems ode (praising) epic (long stories, heroic topic, heroic couplets, iambic pentameter, masculine rhyme) haiku epigram (two lines) limerick (funny) sonnet ballad (melancholic, 4 line stanza 1) Tetrameter 2) Trimeter 3) Tetrameter 4) trimeter each is associated with certain formal aspects and typical topics specific form - specific expectations
• questions of interpretation vs. analysis what does the text mean? vs. How does the tex creates meaning describing the effect of stylistic devices
• Basic questions who is talking to whom? where are we? (time and place) who is there? (characters) what happens? special effects? (Language, structure..) Literary form? (expectations)
• images and topic of sonnets Cupid - Amor: love is connected to violence (birth of venus), is a paradox of disease/ irritation times of the year =  4 elements = 4 humors spring, blood, heart, air, sanguine, courageous, hopeful, playful, carefree summer, yellow bile, liver, fire, choleric ambitious, leader-like, restless, easily angered autumn, black bile, spleen, earth, melancholic despondent, quiet, analytical, serious winter, phlegm, brain, water, phlegmatic calm, thoughtful, patient, peaceful body + soul
• what do ECCO and EEBO mean? Eighteenth Century Collection Online Early English Books Online
• Which dictionary is usefull for what? The Oxford Companion to English Literature: tool to get basic information (about epoches, authors etc.) Concise Oxford English Dictionary: for reading Oxford English Dictionary: for in-depth research about the meaning of a word (especially in the past) Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary: für writing
• how can a narrative begin? in medias res: right into the middle of a story -> graps the reader (makes courious), may confuse, because the reader do not know what happens and who is involved ab ovo: from the very beginning-> introcuing the characters and the story -> everyone know what is going on, could be boring How to create suspense: don't give the reader what he wants + slow-motion
• meta-text classic type of metatext: introduction ("this story is .."); text talk about itself, reflexivity device to remind the reader that this is not reality, creates a distance, interruption, breaks free
• paratext around the maintext, gives information about the text (introduction/ addressee etc.)
• Difference between story and plot story: chronological sequences plot: logically connected sequences
• differences between story and discourse story: what is told: events, existents (setting, characters) discourse: how it is told: who tells the story, when, how, to whom, treatment of time
• Key constituents of a story 1) setting: place and time (symbolic setting? present, past, future? constellations of settings) 2) characters (individuals): flat (one-dimensional) or round (complex)? Static or dynamic? Constellations of characters; main characters 3) events constituents are connected example: characters can be characterised by their surroundings
• Functions of narrative narrative = fundamental human activity in all fields of life (human need)               = a form of understanding and explaining the world               = gives shape to our experience (story-telling to understand the and make sense  of our lifes               = way of constucting an identity
• intra- and extratextual communication in narrative extratextual level: author to reader intratextual level 1: The narrator to the narratee intratextual level 2: character to character
• Discourse: The basic narrative situations according to Stanzel 1) First-Person narrator: distinction between narrator as a central character (narrator as protagonist) or the narrator as a marginal figure (narrator as a witness) narrating I vs experiencing I identification with the character/ narrator, but the view is limited 2) Authorial narrator: narrator outside the events, ability to look into the characters thoughts, knowledge of past, present and future -> omnicient difficult to identify with a character, but much information 3) Figural narrative situation: no visible oder identifiable narrator, 3rd person, thoughts and perceptions of one character, the reflector figure, influenced by psychoanalysists views (question what goes on in a character's mind) identification with one character, but still distance because of the 3rd person, realistic because of the Stream of consciousness technique
• different questions of Stanzel and Genette Stanzel: Who is speaking? Genette: Who is perceiving? narrator as a focalizer
• Difference between a Narrator and Genette's Focalizer (types of Focalisation) Narrator: Who speaks (to whom, in what situation, in what way?) Focalizer: Who sees, hears, think, feels? Internal (limits the perspective within a character) vs. External (information about a persons external behaviour) Fixed (restricted to one perspective) vs. variable (different scenes presented by different perspectives) vs. multiple (comparison of one event by several perspectives) Narrator: homodiegetic (inside the story) vs. heterodiegetic (outside the story) invisible (only a reporting voice, covert narrator) vs. visible (refers to himself, overt narrator) reliable vs. unreliable
• Treatment of time in narrative story time (time of the events in the story) vs. discourse time  (time it takes to tell or read the story as a way to stress important things with the help of stretched time (story time < discourse time) or to mention unimportant information with the help of condensed time (story-time > discourse time) Non-chronologial narration: Flashback (analepsis) vs. Flashforward (prolepsis)
• Difference of splitters and lumpers (relating to different theories) splitters: need a broad terminology, regards various aspects ("alles in Detail aufspalten") example: Genette lumpers: simplifys things ("auf einen Haufen schmeißen"), example Stanzel
• What do theories of literature? - they are models which are trying to explan how certain phenomenons work - several theories which work on different aspects - simplify things - focus on some aspects, neglet others - include knowledge of their specific strengths and limitations - specialised tools
• Classification of literary theories context-centred: Marxist, Feminist, New Historicist, Cultural Studies author-centred: Traditional Humanist, Biographical Criticism, Psychoanalytical reader-centred: reader-response theory, reader reception theory text-centred: rhetorical analysis, Formalist, New Criticism, Structuralist, Post-Structuralist
• Iser's theory reader-centred theory: reader-reception theory: Reading as a active process: creating meaning individually by filling the gaps and blanks of a literary text (necessary elements of literature) -> approach of defining literature through this literature does not reflect reality -> it constructs a reality, meaning less stable than previously thought critic: reading as an arbitrary process?! -> text pre-structures the reader's ideas/ guides imagination
• techniques of defamiliarisation Describing objects as if they were seen for the first time unfamiliar/ "difficult" metaphors / other rhetorical devices unfamiliar words difficulty of form ...
• Viktor Shklovskij's theory Russian formalist text-centred approach-> defamiliarisation What is art? Literature as art? What does it do? What is its value/ purpose? Art/ Literature removes automatism from everyday-life, makes familiar things seem strange,  slows down the reader (to make him think), irritates the reader
• Christoph Bode's theory Why theory matters: text only answers questions the reader puts to it a) theories as specialised tools b) influence of personal perspektive, never finished, because the perspektive changes constantly through life awareness of contingency (unpredictability of life)
• Post-Colonialism - Mimicry: try to adopt manners of colonialists/ masters; "Uncle Tom" black slave, who enslaved himself to the white people = Insult; 'blurred copy", often kind of parody - Hybridity/ Third Spaces: mixing cultures on different levels (e.g. language. fashion, food); Kind of cultural colonialisation (but also the native culture influences the colonialists' culture - sometimes there are inventions of colonialists (founding a new state of several independant tribes (like in Nigeria) - Postcolonial Transformation ("The empire writes back"), subversive, transformative rewritings of European texts, from the perspective of the natives: Robinson Crusoe (Daniel Defoe), The Tempest (William Shakespeare), Heart of darkness (Joseph Conrad) -> Theory of Salmon Rushdie (/Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffith, Helen Tiffin) Transformation' [is the encompassing term for] the ways inwhich colonized societies engaged and utilized imperial culturefor their own purposes" - "use the modes of thedominant discourse against itself" - Othering: • The psychology of colonialism• The "other" as threatening and as radically different• To "other" someone To build an identity, feel confident - Appropriation and Abrogation: Appropriation of the English language in post-colonialcontexts: making English your own language (Abrogate = to cut off); To use English in a subersive way in order to "cut off" the colonialist implications of the language Debate between Chinua Achebe and Ngugi wa Thiong'o; Achebe argued for the use of English in African literature, Ngugi: to use the English language is to use the language of the colonizer and to prolong the effets of colonization - The "metonymic gap": cultural gap formed when appropriations of a colonial language insert unglossed words, phrases or passages from a first language, or concepts, allusions or references which may be unknown to the reader. Metonymy: a thing called not by ist own name, but by the name of somethingclosely associated with it. „Lend me your ear“ for „Listen to me“
• Three Major Postcolonial Theorists • Edward Said– Orientalism (London, 1978),– Culture and Imperialism (London, 1993) • Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: numerous essays • Homi Bhabha: The Location of Culture (London, 1994)
• Caribbean writers (3) • Derek Walcott (Nobel Prize in 1992) • V.S. Naipaul (Nobel Prize in 2001; Booker Prize in 1971) • Wilson Harris
• Writers from Australia and New Zealand Australia• Patrick White (Nobel Prize 1993)• David Malouf• Thomas Keneally, Schindlers Ark (Booker Prize 1982)• Peter Carey (2x Booker Prize: 1988+2000) New Zealand• Katherine Mansfield• Keri Hulme (Booker Prize 1985)
• Writers from India • Rabindranath Tagore (Nobel Prize in 1913)• Mulk Raj Anand• Raja Rao• R.K. Narayan• Salman Rushdie (Booker Prize 1981)• Amitav Ghosh• Arundhati Roy (Booker Prize in 1997)• Anitai Desai• Kiran Desai (Booker Prize 2006)• Aravind Adiga (Booker Prize 2008)
• Anglophone Africa: Writers from Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya Nigeria:–Chinua Achebe–Amos Tutuola–Christopher Okigbo–Wole Soyinka (Nobel Prize in 1986)–Ben Okri (Booker Prize in 1991 for The Famished Road) South Africa:–Alan Paton–Athol Fugard–Alex La Guma–J.M. Coetzee (Nobel Prize in 2003; 2x Booker Prize: 1983+1999)–Nadine Gordimer (Nobel Prize in 1991, Booker Prize in 1974))–Zakes Mda Kenya–Ngugi wa Thiong'o
• Authors from Canada • Margaret Atwood (Booker Prize 2000)• Leonard Cohen (Beautiful Losers, 1966, first postmodernCanadian novel)• Michael Ondaatje (Booker Prize in 1992)• Margaret Laurence• Robert Kroetsch• Alice Munro
• New literature in English: Problems with Terminology • Third World Literatures?• Commonwealth Literatures?• New English Literatures?• New Anglophone Literatures?• Postcolonial Literatures?• New Literatures in English? how can we define English literature? how do we call literature in English from colonies?
• British Imperialism – the formation of the Empire - 17th and 18th centuries - • 16th century: first overseas settlements• 1600: East India Company begins to trade in India• 1661: first permanent settlement in Africa (James Island, GambiaRiver)• 1670: Colonies in America: New England, Virginia, Maryland• 1670s: Hudson Bay Company in Canada• 1670s: Settlements in the Bermudas, Honduras, Barbados, Antigua,Nova Scotia• 1750s: Britain gains dominance over France in India• 1763: Treaty of Paris; Britain takes over French territory in what isnow Canada• 1787: Sierra Leone British• 1788: settlement in Australia begins
• British Imperialism – the formation of the Empire - 19th and 20th centuries - • 1803: Cape of Good Hope British• 1807: End of the slave trade• 1833: Abolition of slavery in British dominions• 1840: New Zealand becomes British• 1841: Hong Kong becomes British• 1857/58: Indian Mutiny; British Crown assumes control of India fromEast India Company• 1867: British North America Act (formation of "Canada")• 1876: Queen Victoria becomes "Empress of India"• 1878: occupation of Cyprus• 1882: Britain controls Egypt• 1889: Britain controls Sudan• 1899-1902: South African War ("Anglo-Boer War") won by Britain• 1910: Union of South Africa
• The Process of Decolonization • 1776: Declaration of Independence of the USA• 1931: Statute of Westminster: formation of the "British Commonwealth"and factual independence of– Canada– Australia– New Zealand– Newfoundland– South Africa– Ireland• 1947: Independence of India; partition of India and Pakistan• 1948: Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar) become independent• 1957: Ghana becomes independent• 1960: Independence of Nigeria• 1963: Full independence of Kenya• 1971: Independence of Bangladesh (formerly "East Pakistan") from Pakistan• 1997: Hong Kong returned to Chinese sovereignty
• Old literature: Why do we need that? it influences the current writing there is an intertextuality life today evolved from history, so we can learn why the world today is like it is, learn something about human beings und their development
• Epochs of British literature, Dates and selected major Writers Old English Literature 450 - 1100 almost all anonymous Middle English Literature 1100 - 1500 Geoffrey Chaucer The Renaissance 1500 - 1603 – Early Renaissance 1500 - 1558 Sir Th.Wyatt, Earl of Surrey– Elizabethan Age 1558 - 1603 William Shakespeare The 17thCentury 1603 - 1688 – Early 17th Century 1603 – 1640 John Donne– Civil War and Commonwealth 1640 - 1660 John Milton– Restoration 1660 - 1688 Milton, J. Bunyan, J. Dryden The 18th Century 1688 - 1780 Pope, Defoe, Swift, Sterne Romanticism 1780 - 1830 Blake, Wordsworth, Byron The Victorian Age 1837 - 1901 Dickens, Tennyson, G.Eliot World War I and Modernism 1914 - 1945 T.E. Hulme, T.S.Eliot, W.B.Yeats, Ezra Pound Post-1945 1945 - S.Beckett, S.Heaney
• Old English literature: Historical events 2000 years ago: Britain inhabited by Celtic tribes. 43 AD: Roman conquest. Rome was foundedDeparture of the Romans (410). From the second half of the 5th century: Immigration / invasion of Germanic tribes:Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Speakers of a Germanic language. -> Displacement of theCeltic tribes (> “Celtic Fringe”) (even today; celtic tribes were pushed to the fringes (e-g- Wales)
• Old English literature: language 7.-9. century Old English: German language with few characters taken from the runic alphabet looks strange at first, but is closely related to German
• Old English literature: charakteristics Authors anonymous, mostly oral poetry (nursery rhymes, genration to generation) Written down 1000 ad in manuscripts no rhyme, alliteration as central principle Caedmon's Hymn as the earliest extant Old English poem (aprayer), ~ 660-680), the first known poet writing in (Old) English. c. 670 AD;Monastery of Whitby. Has dream vision, writes Caedmon‘s Hymn Beowulf as aheroic epic poem in the 8. century, longest poem (3182 lines), with alliterative verses; Beowukf (Bär ist der Held, der dem Monster den Arm ausreißt), King Hrothgar, Grendel (monster) basis of fantasy
• Middle English literature: historical events and its influence on language 1066 and the origins of Middle English After a successful invasion, William of Normandy establishes himself in London as the new King of England („William the Conqueror“). Brings new French-speaking elite into the country. > From now on: development of the language we know as „English“, i. e. double (Germanic and Romance vocabulary). Fusion of languagesCow – beef / sheep – muttonsweat – perspirate / drink – imbibe -> choice of words classifies social class/ level Consequences of having a double vocabulary:Language: indicator of social rather than local position Puns, humour, characterisation.-> much room, because of double vocabulary
• Middle English literature 1100-1500: literary aspects Drama: miracle plays and mystery plays performed in market square (originally religious drama), biblical stories, plays on pageant wagons Chaucer's Canterbury Tales: Geoffrey Chaucer: ca. 1343-1400. Diplomat,courtier, author.Ca. 1387: Canterbury Tales. 29 pilgrims meet at the Tabard Inn (Southwark) an agree to entertain one another with stories on their pilgrimage to Canterbury and back, each pilgrim telling two stories.The work remained incomplete (24 stories) Very different genres. From fabliau (“The Miller’s Tale”) to sermon (“The Parson’s Tale”).

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