English (Fach) / Introduction to Anglophone Cultures and Societies (Lektion)

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• Internalisation When something becomes to be regarded as natural through dominant articulation. e.g: Men - sporty Women - beauty Blonde - Naive  
• Dominant-, Opposing- and Negotiated Readings Dominant: What we see as natural Opposing: What other people see as natural which I don't agree with. I have a different (opposing) reading. Negotiated: Acceptance of the existence of both readings and construct a reading out of it.
• 1603 Union of the Crowns After the death of Elizabeth the 1st (Virgin Queen) a Steward King came to power, namely James IV from the Kingdom of Scotland. He became James I of the whole country.
• 1707 Acts of Union England + Scotland
• 1746 Battle of Culloden Jacobite Rising - Katholic vs. Protestants The Pretender: Prince Charles Steward, lived in exile in France vs. King George the 2nd, German, Protestant
• Scottish Independence Referendum 18.9.2014 Pro: YES Scotland Scottish National Party First Minister = Alex Salmond Contra: Better Together Scottish Labour Party Former Chancellor of the Exchequer (2007- 2010) Alistar Darling
• Anthropomorphism If something acts like a human being
• Narratives of old Britain Sceptered Isle, Shakespeare, Richard II, Act2 Scene 1 England's green and pleasant land, William Blake, Preface to Milton, a Poem = Jerusalem  
• The Black Watch Royal Highland Regiment from around 1725 Warriors from the Highland Lords who were loyal to the King. Protestant, Unionists (pro Union)
• Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983) Article by Hugh Trevor-Roper, "The Invention of Tradition: The Highlander Tradition of Scotland." Writes about Traditions of the Highlands, claims that they are invented by the Highlanders and has very negative connotation. 3 Stages: Cultural revolt against the Irish,Traditions presented as ancient: Roper says that the scots are irish, and their tradistions have no long history they're adopted from the lowlands. James McPherson translator of Ossian a phony Pecularity of dress: family Tartan and Kilt with plaids an English invention  
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• Glorious Revolution  replacement of James II (Catholic) by Protestant William of Orange and Mary (co-regency) – Bill of Rights (1689)
• The monarchy as cultural form historical symbolism – degree of stability and identity symbolic role of representing the country – unity despite diversity focus on narratives of family dynamics – reinforces “traditional” gendered identities royal family events mirror what happens elsewhere in society
• Theory of Subculture Conjuncture: a particular set of (social, political, economic) circumstances of a particular time. Specificity: a specific response (specificity) as a solution to this conjuncture.
• Bricolage objects taken out of context, appropriated and given new meanings (safety pin: household item – fixes a country that seems to fall apart)
• Hegemony John Storey “... the process Gramsci called hegemony: the way dominant groups in society negotiate oppositional voices on to a terrain which secures for the dominant groups a continued position of leadership. West Coast rock was not denied expression, but its expression was articulated in the economic interests of the capitalist music industry.” “... like all popular cultural initiatives under capitalism, it faced three possible futures: marginalization, disappearance, or incorporation into the system’s profit-making concerns.” domination via consensus – a hegemonic system rules by presenting its agenda in a way that it appears to be in the best interest of everybody – coercion is not needed.  negotiation of resistance – resistance gets incorporated into the system a compromise equilibrium between structure and resistance is the goal – stability is achieved.
• Denotation - Connotation Denotation: What you would find in a dictionary → without associations (similarities with iconic level) Descriptive and typical/conventional level of the meaning of a sign shared by a majority of members of a culture/society/community   ex: Whitehall; a road in the Inner London borough of the City of Westminster, which links together with Parliament Street via Charing Cross, Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square     Connotation → what you would associate with something/someone (similarities with index & symbolic level) Meanings are generated by connecting signs to wider cultural concepts and by associations with other cultural codes and concepts   ex: Whitehall; British government
• Hybridity in Sitcoms Hybridity:a lot of series use cliffhangerstake over genres and formstry to take everything that is popular The Kumars real celebrities are invited into the fake studioBeautiful People musical in the dreamspretend docu-dramas about real people in real situations
• Cringe comedy in sitcoms “Cringe-comedy” (Fremdschämen)more chaotic, more unconventional sitcoms signal that we shouldn't take themes seriously
• Double Framing in sitcoms Double Framing – Double Distance:makes it possible to deal with any topic, the more complex and the more contradictory, the bettercontroversial themes, testing the limits Getting On effect of double framing is a constantly shifting game of self and other, negotiating what is funny or not
• Phrenology "Science" used to classify people to a specific race by measuring their heads

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