Safety and Quality of Organic Foods (Fach) / Organic Food (Lektion)

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• Name 3 branches/categories of plant production annual plants perannial plants mushrooms algae wild collections
• name and describe 2 discriminatory dynamic methods degradation trials: depending on the N2-content for example the product has a different degradation-behaviour. The N2-content is again influenced by plant growing management (fertilizing etc). Degradation can be eg discolouration, structural loss, loss of water or dry matter, fungal growth, bacterial growth. (eg assesing long term storability of a product) + simple, cheap; - time consuming, no reference material fluorescencs spectrometry: based on optical principle. After excitation of the sample, the light emission is recorded. quality and production parameters can be detected by different luminescence curves.  (eg assesing the ripening stage of apples or the feeding/husbandary of leying hens) + holistic, validated; - time consuming, binary results
• difference between inspection and certification both are conducted by certification bodies inspection: is planned, independent and documented. to collect evidence to assess that certain (OA standard) criteria are met.  certification: is a 3rd party attestation related to a product/process/person. assures the conformity to certain standards. the certification is not allowed to be carried out by the same person who does the inspection.
• How can livestock be contaminated with GMO? -Livestock -Feed -Additives -vet. products
• how can you explain inherent quality? inherent means a stable attribute of a product, which can be measured, e.g. a colour, a size etc. quality is, acc. to the ISO 9000 the fulfilment of specifications, meaning that the achieved performance of a product matches its target. inherent quality in this sense means that a product corresponds to the target performance in terms of its measurable stable properties.
• Which general objectives should organic production persue (EC 834)? - establish a sustainable agricultural mgmt system  (natural cycles and resources, animal welfare, biodiversity, energy) - aim at producing high quality products - aim at producing a wide range of products
• Organic standardards? international: IFOAM; EC regulation; USDA (US) national: A: Codex Alimentarius Austriacus - regelt Produkte, die nicht im EC geregelt sind. private:  demeter; ja natürlich etc.  können in der EU zusätzliche Regeln aufstellen. EC Reg. muss aber in jedem Fall erfüllt sein.
• Product categories within the EC regulation? - Plant products: annuals, perannials, mushrooms, algae, wild collections -Livestock: bovine, equidea, porcine, ovine, caprine, poultry, bees, fish... -Processed: food, feed, yeast, wine
• EU institutions EU parliament - represents citizens EU comission - reprensents EU Council of the EU - represents member states
• EU legal acts Regulations - not transferred to national law, no modifications allowed, binding character Directives - transferred into national law, objectives have to be obliged but some room for interpretation by member states Decisions - apply to specific single cases
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• Scope of the EC regulation? - is base for sustainable development of organic agriculture - ensures effective internal market; fair competition; consumer confidence; protection of consumer interests - applies to the following products and their market placement: - live and unprocessed agricultural products - processed agricultural products for use as food - animal feed - vegetative proagating material and seeds - applies to all operators involved in production, processing or distribution of the products above  
• Name the parts of the food production system - plant production (soil, seed, plant protection) - livestock production ( origin, husbandary, feed, veterinary treatment) - trading and import - food and feed processing - labelling
• EC regulation on seeds? - use of GMO prohibited - mother/parent plant to be produced acc. to EC reg. (at least 1 generation) - if unavailable member states can allow conventional seeds - database on available seeds to be established by member states
• GMO in EC regulation? GMOs or products produced from or by GMOs are not to be used as food, feed, processing aids, plant protection, fertilisers, soil conditioners, seeds, vegetative propagating material, microorganisms or animals in organic farming.
• Regulation/objectives regarding organic plant production? - tillage + cultivation practices --> maintain soil matter and biodiversity, prevent compaction and erosion - crop rotation (legumes, green manure) and organic fertilizer --> maintain fertility and bioactivity of soil - max. 170 kg/ha/a N2, no mineral nitrogen fertilizer allowed  - no hydroponic production system allowed - soil conditioner and fertilizer only in necessary amounts - only approved substances allowed (listed in annex) - plant protection should mainly rely on genotype and rotation/cultivation techniques. minimal environmental contamination.
• plant protection rules? - no use of GMOs - prevent or minimize environmental contamination - rely primarily on selected species + variety, crop rotation, cultivation techniques and thermal processes. - only products listed in the annex may be used
• GMO contamination possibilities? - plants: seeds, pollen,fertilizer, pesticides - animals: feed, additives, veterinary products, livestock - during processing: ingredients and additives
• Ways of contamination for pesticides? - global: eg DDT, Aldrin, Atrazin: POPs (persistent organic pollutants) - punctual: eg sprout inhibition in potatoes by Chlorpropham - through use of same equipment for organic and conventional farming - local: eg winddrift, drainage from conventional land (depending on application techniques)
• Legal framework on pesticides in the EU? - substances have to be authorised forr use - database - list of max. residue levels for all products
• Regulations on livestock? - origin: no GMO animals born and raised on organic farm conventional animals only for breeding breeding for good health, indiginous strains preferred - husbandry: basic knowledge and skills (welfare, health) meet developmental, physiological and ethiological needs permantent access to open air etc limited number (prevent overgrazing, erosion, pollution) seperated from conventional no tethering or isolation minimized transport, minimum suffering stable size /housing conditions etc
• Regulations for livestock? -origion -husbandry -feed -vet. treatment
• Regulations on feed and vet. treatment for livestock? - feed organic feed meeting animal's requirements permanent access to pasture/roughage no growth promotors / synthetic amino acids natural milk for suckling mammals no anaemia encouraged no force-feeding - vet. treatment: prevention of diseases by genotype, feed, exercise, density, housing immediate treatment of diseases with drugs/antibiotics if necessary no preventive treatment no growth promotors or hormons doubled period between drugging and slaughter
• specific housing conditions? mammals: at least half of indoor surface solid no single boxes for calves >1 week no flat decks or piglet cages for piglets poultry: no cages rest period for min. 8 hours without artificial light max. 300 hens per poultry house
• Food production - requirements? - no GMOs - no ionising radiation - general requirements: seperated (time/space) from conventional only authorised additives, processing aids, vitamins, enzymes, flavourings... non-organic ingredients only if authorised no misleading substances or techniques (no masking of lost properties) suitable cleaning minimizing risk of contamination, seperate storing, cleaning of eqipm. identification measures - special requirements for organic food prodction: only substances listed in annex (mo and enzyme preparations can be used as above) enzymes as additives have to be listed in the annex only natural flavourings
• Labelling categories? - >95%: class - at least 95 percent of ingredients are organic - whole product can be labelled organic - < 95% class - only ingredients in ingredient list can be labelled - hunting / fishing products: main ingredient; all others organic - in conversion-product: after 1 year conversion period, only one plant products
• compulsory indications on the labelled product? - list of ingredients show all organic ingredients - code no. of last inspector - community logo for pre-packed food + place of origin (EU/non-EU) (optional: private/national logos)  
• Product categories in import? unprocessed plants unprocessed animals aquaculture food  feed seed
• Control bodies? inspection and certification by CB accreditation by accreditation body extension and advisory service
• Control system in Austria? - ministry of health - recognize and supervise CB and operators - ministry of economics - accredit the CB - CB - inspect and certify operators  
• Inspections - procedure, data searched for? - introduction - on farm tour (buildings, plots, processing plants) - inspection of documents and records - data: seeds, prop. material, plants - origin soil mgmt, fertilizer plant protection harvest (treatment stored substances eye on poss. irregularities - evaluation of plausibility used substances used seeds cultivated area harvest
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• Approaches to quality assessment? discriminatory methods  (to distinguish organic from conventional products - based on different fertilizing, nutrient mgmt, stand density, plant protection, soil condition - leading to differences in metabolism (like proteins, isotopes...)) - statistical approach:  assessment of external qualities (shape, colour, weight...) chemical analysis (composition, residues, isotopes...) - dynamic approach: product reactions (p-value, degradation trials, bio-chrystallisation, fluorescence spectrometry) product effects (ecological impact, feeding trials, tastings)
• Describe 2 statistical discriminatory methods. - Isotope ratio mass-spectrometry: isotopic fingerprinting based on different isotope densities and their distribution patterns established, quick, cheap reference materials needed examples: mineral vs. organic fertilizer; origin of products; feeding (C3/C4) - assessment of pesticide residues: assess if above the MRL well established, many labs poss. contamination from conv.; skilled staff needed; multi-residues possible

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