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• presidential executives (8) -usually directly elected -political chief executive and head of the government/head of state -presidents form the equivalent of a cabinet, though not bound by the same rules as in parliamentary regimes -no legislative responsibility, thus no need for majority support in the legislature -usually no prime minister -dependence on the legislative branch -fixed term in office -Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Philippines, South Korea
• dual executives/mixed democracies (6) -also called semi-presidential -president -prime minister and cabinet -executive branch comprises the government and the president (executive power is divided between both) -prime minister and presidents can come from different political parties (cohabitation) -France, Finland, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Lithuania
• advantages parliamentary system (7) -most of the world's democracies are parliamentary -fusion of executives can create strong, stable governments -less likely to be deadlocked -depends if majorities are disciplined or not -direct chain of accountability from voters to parliament to cabinet to prime minister -foster stronger political parties -instituionalized style of policy making, centered as it is on political parties
• advantages presidential system (5) -USA is a model -separation of the executive and legislative institutions of government according to classical democratic theory -continuous process of accountability (checks and balances) -direct election of president means direct accountability to the people -decisive leadership
• disadvantages parliamentary systems (3) -fusion of the executive and legislative and a large legislative majority, combined with tight party discipline can produce leaders with too much power -parliamentary systems without a legislative majority can be weak and unstable -coalitions can reduce the clarity of accountability
• disadvantages presidential system -conflict between executive and legislative may be chronic, leading to deadlock and immobilism -sometimes difficult to attribute blame for policies -can weaken cohesion of political parties -can lead to winner-takes-it-all politics -fixed term in office is rigid -weak presidents have sometimes tried to make their office stronger -few presidential systems have survived long

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